Geography and Development
Year:2010 | Volume:8 | Issue:18|Papers Count:10

Industrial development in rural areas, for the purpose of the growth and development of these areas, in the form of the strategy for industrialization of rural areas, has been experienced from some decades ago in different countries, particularly in the developing countries.In Iran, in order to industrialize the rural areas, about 199 industrial units have been established up to 2004, which has had different impacts and effects on these areas. The present research has been performed to analyze the socio-economic effects of industrial regions on rural areas.Soleiman Abad industrial area in Tonekabon town ship has been selected as a sample and its effects have been studied as the socio- economic variables. The used data were of the field data type and were collected through filling the questionnaires by the workers involved in the industrial units and then have been analyzed and studied by statistical tests.The obtained results indicate the general promotion and growth of the social-economical indices of the employed villagers after the establishment of industrial areas, and has accompanied with positive effects in the fields of social insurance, employment and income, partnership, housing development, feeding and social welfare.

 The relation between geomorphologic issues with tourism is one of the distinguished interdisciplinary research approaches in recent years. By the establishment of such relation, geomorphologic tourism sites are defined as geomorphological forms and processes which will acquire scenic/aesthetic, scientific, cultural, historical and /or social /economical value depending on human perception from geological, geomorphological, historical and social effective factors of these places. Therefore introduction of geomorphic sites at Asyab Kharabeh catchment area and presentation of their ecotourism potentials was determined as the main objectives of this research. Pralong method was used for the assessment of ecotourism potentials of the catchment area based on the existing geomorphological sites. The results showed that the under studied sites have the required potential as a geomorphologic tourism place and can be considered as the natural and tourism resources of the region.Therefore the value of these geomorphic sites is mainly due to their high scientific values. The most important factors which affecting on decreasing the value of such sites would be difficult access, being far away from population centers ,lack of introducing the potentials of the area, people’s view about tourism , the manner of spending leisure times and finally non-paying attention to ecotourism in its real sense. At present Asyab-Kharabeh fall as the only geomorphological site, is used with non-ecotourism methods and no attention is paid to the function of morphogenetic systems which are the producer of such attractions. Finally presenting a new view to the catchment areas and geomorphological units and defining them in a frame of ecotourism concepts are of the main achievements of this study, which is required to be followed by the Iranian researchers, in order to be able to accomplish this desire that how we can make a relation between the nature of morphogenetic systems and whatever the planners need.

Rural settlements as the bed for human life and activities, is a multidimensional issue. Rural settlements are a part of more widespread issues, which is recognized at the national and regional level, and it is necessary to investigate them in all dimensions particularly about their spatial distribution patterns.So that, this research aims to study, recognize and analyze the spatial distribution patterns of rural settlements in Charmahal & Bakhtiuari province. This research is of descriptive- Analytic type and its data has been gathered through documentary field methods. For performing this study, firstly, the required information about the relevant subject as well as the area were collected and then based on processing method and using computer, the analyzing, processing and collecting data and also compilation and combination of informative layers have been conducted, furthermore, for better understanding and also matching the results, the field studies were performed. In continue, the roles of effective factors on the spatial distribution patterns of rural settlements have been analyzed and then the most important general patterns of the province settlements were defined.As a general, it is concluded that the spatial distribution pattern of rural settlements have been developed mostly under the affection of natural phenomenon (Climate, rivers, uneven areas), human factors (social structure and organization of nomads and their possession) and in some cases, the combined effect of some factors. And their distribution pattern is mainly of linear type.

Climate is the most important external factors in morphologic processes of the earth surface. Since the recent climatic conditions in the special geographical latitudes are not able to produce many of the existing phenomenon at the earth surface, such as glacial cirques, therefore it is possible to attribute such phenomenon to the climate changes of far past years (quaternary era) .The evidences due to glacial activities in Siyalan (west Alborz) are considered as the remaining phenomenon of the past climate conditions. So that, following the pervious researches, this study was performed by field and documentary observations and also by the instruments like topographic maps (1:50000, 1:25000), geographical maps (1:100000), aerial photos (1:40000) with the aim of recognizing the quaternary glacial phenomenon and their scope in the northern hill sides of Siyalan mountain located in west Alborz at the south part of Tonekabon town ship. The results obtained from the researches indicated that in the present climatic conditions of the area under study, the process of water erosion and destruction of rocks by freezing, ice melting and as a whole  mechanical processes (from the height of 2000 up to 4100m) and at the places with  heights of lower than 2000m, the destruction and cracking of rocks due to physical-chemical and bio-chemical processes are recognizable, Consequently ,the features and phenomenon related to these processes form the predominant landscape of mountainous areas, meanwhile at the height of 2500-4176 m, there exists some evidences including glacial cirques, moraines, glacial valleys, … based on glacial processes which indicates the climate conditions in quaternary era.

Locating is one of the main important issues in the activities of Economic Institutes. Location based science have been determined after presenting the relevant optimum methods and techniques. Locating has been one of the major activities of economic institutes .After implementing the scientific methods, banking as an economical activity, is used to maximize the services and efficiency as well as to minimize the costs.Automatic teller machines (ATMs), as an electronic technology, have accomplished a part of this goal during the last years.The current research as an applied research, through using multi criteria decision making analysis approach, analytic hierarchy process method and spatial analysis has produced a new frame work for locating ATM machines in Tehran Municipality, district No.10. with respect to the great expenses of installing ATM machines, the objective of the current research would be presenting a method for selecting the most appropriate place in order to increase the efficiency and services of such machines.The criteria for decision making were derived based on the similar studies performed in the other countries and also based on the opinions of experts and managers of Keshavarzi Bank and by implementing the spatial modeling and combination of information, the ideal installation places were identified. At the end, by employing the goal programming model, the cost and profit of each proposed place were calculated  and the most appropriate installation points and also the number of machines were determined to cover the demands at the under studied area.

Regarding the geographical condition and location of Zahedan township and its location at low geographical ,as well as, being far away from the influence area of Mediterranean winds, has lower humidity in comparing with the other areas of Iran. Consequently it is always confronted with the hazards and side effects of drought, particularly the frequent droughts in recent has caused a lot of damages to agricultural products and gardens of the area. According to SPI index introduced by McKee, 50 percent of region is faced with drought. This definition is takes questioned the drought event as an exceptional and rare occurrence. So for more compatible this index with the existing reality, Agnew was corrected the McKee SPI index.Therefore in order to study the drought of Zahedan township , the modified 3 months SPI index (improved by Agnew) has been applied for a period of 16 cultivating years from 1990-1991 to 2005-2006 in monthly periods for 5 meteorological stations including Zahedan, Nosratabad, Ghetar khanjack, Nickmohammad abad, and Ladiz.The results obtained from this research would be as following: Short - term SPI (Three months) will react immediately to the monthly precipitation changes, therefore they can show clearly the decrease of monthly precipitation. So that, its results can be used in different one - year agriculture and planting systems. With respect to Agnew classification, we can realize the non - uniformity of drought severity in different stations of Zahedan township, so that, the great amount of drought severity is related to the medium drought. The zoning maps of the droughts intensities indicate that the east and central parts of Zahedan are being more affected by the drought in comparing with west parts.

Rapid changes of the today’s world have made impossible the achievement of long term progress without a continuous review .furthermore, the facilities, capabilities and priorities of urban societies are continually changing. Therefore, understanding the situation of different urban uses and determining the shortage amount and imbalances in various regional levels is being considered as an inevitable necessity. In this respect, among different urban uses, recreational and cultural uses request their own particular necessities for having a great role on cultural richness of the urban societies, and have a great importance. Therefore, being aware of their situation would be necessary for planning and management of such situations.As indicated, this paper, through implementing the shift share analysis model, intends to review and analyze the level and per capita changes of recreational and cultural uses of the eleventh districts of Isfahan city with the level and per capita of the said uses in Isfahan city between the two eras of preparing detailed plan(1996) and the review plan (2005), then upon understanding the difference and imbalance amount between the regions as a low level of studies and Isfahan city (as a reference level of studies) tries to provide recommendations and guide lines for the establishment of regional balance and equilibrium by implementing the new communication technologies and its impact on equilibrium of the regional development.The results obtained through the performed studies, shows that on one hand, there is a considerable difference between the eleventh districts of Isfahan city from the view point of level and per capita of uses and on the other hand, this difference is more intensive between the small districts and Isfahan as a reference.

Soil erosion is one of the serious environmental issues in Iran. With respect to the high rate of general erosion in most geographical areas of the country, a great deal of efforts shall be made to decrease its hazards. Quantitative data are required for conducting such works in order to enable us to recognize and manage the critical areas which require the immediate protection.The performance of such works based on the traditional methods are costly and time consuming, and also give local information, therefore to perform a comprehensive and standard research, use of the new technology of remote sensing and GIS would be necessary.Ghale Chai catchment area is one of the basins of Sahand mountainous region with an area of about 249.5 km2, located in Ajabshir Township. A dam is going to be constructed on its main tributary, so that, it is necessary to estimate the amount of soil erosion in the catchment area and sedimentation at the back of its dam. Therefore, for performing such work, experimental model of MPSIAC and the new techniques of remote sensing and GIS have been used. The required information levels including the geological maps, topography, soil science, ground coating, Land use, run off data, current situation of erosion , river erosion status by using the existing maps, satellite photos, the data of meteorological stations and hydrometry and field operations were provided and entered in to GIS environment and after preparing the information banks and weighting each one of layers, the erosion and sedimentation map of the catchment area based on MPSIAC model and hydrologic units have been derived.The results show that about 133,016 ton/year of the catchment area soil erodes each year. This figure is about 533 ton/km2 in a year. The final model shows this fact that the two factors of slope and ground covering has the main role in controlling erosion and sedimentation.From the view point of critical areas, the two sub- catchment areas of sb3 and sb7 have been recognized as having the greatest amount of sediment production in area unit but sb1 sub- catchment area has the lowest amount of sedimentation in area unit.