Geography and Development
Year:2014 | Volume:11 | Issue:33|Papers Count:23

Poverty has been one of the challenges of the nations and governments in the past and present time. And solutions have been proposed for its reduction in each period. One of the these strategies is the establishment of foundations which eradicate the poverty as governmental or non-governmental entities, (NGO), and its main important type is Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Iran. The purpose of this paper is to study the role of Relief committee in reducing the poverty of clients covered in kandovan District, Miyaneh, in three dimensions of economical, social and physical status and by using 9 factors of education, partnership, spending leisure time, situation of consuming durable goods, consumption pattern of food, insurance, employment and income, physical condition and house of clients in 68 villages of Kandovan in the form of 3 districts and 160 households.The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical one and by using library resources. Also for the analysis and study of factors, nonparametric wilcoxon statistical test and McNemar two values and SPSS software were used. and the research results indicate that the averages, positive and negative rankings has had an increasing trend in comparing with its situation before Relief Committee coverage and at a significance level (SIG) on most components and related statements that are equal or smaller than a<0.05.The results show that the Relief committee in all economical, social and physical aspects of development has lead to significant changes for the clients under coverage.

Rural areas are the fields that high demands exist for their land uses. Village is a fragile and vulnerable resource against human and environmental changes, and due to the land limitation and its living worth in rural areas, using the existing lands for illegal and uncontrolled construction operations for the establishment of service and required areas in rural parts, we confront with the land limitation.In Rural areas of Tonkabon county, many of lands that rural livelihoods depends on them, are faced with the increase of construction demands and the gardens and fertilized areas have changed in to residential and the related usages. But the main incentive of this process is a set of incentives indicated by the local and non local people of the villages.Geographical attractions in terms of natural and human in the villages, has increased the demand for land and changes in land uses and landscape of the villages.This research tries to study and analysis the impact of social demand on land uses in villages of Tonkabon County by using descriptive-analytical method. Collecting the required data and information is made through the library studies, documentary sources and the questionnaire. Data analysis performed by spss software. The results showed that, according to the average responses obtained, the impact of natural and human elements on social demand and land use have been equal. Land use changes caused by non-native demand in the villages of Tonkabon County is more effective than the demand of native people. Considering the calculated significance level in Alpha (0.05), it can be said that, there is a significant agreement between the responders in this regard.

Heat waves are one of the most important climatic hazards that have damaging ecological environment impacts on the nature every year. For this purpose, the aim of this research is identifying heat waves of Iran and their characteristic such as duration, frequency and severity, to this end maximum daily temperature data of 663 synoptic and climatology stations since 23/1/1961 to 19/3/2004 (15701 day) were used. Then by using Kriging interpolation method with 18*18 km pixels, we produced a matrix with 15705*7187 dimensions that the days located on the row and pixels on the columns. At the next stage by using Fumiyaki index, the matrix was standardized and normal temperature deviation of Iran was formed. For identifying heat waves of Iran by using computer programming in Matlab Software the heat waves was defined as the days with a continues heat of at least two days and its temperature is +2 of standard deviation or more than average (NTD). After performing program on NTD matrix of Iran. we identified and classified 282 heat waves 2-25 days...These heat waves from the lowest duration of 2days up to most pervasive duration of 25days were classified and analyzed in warm and cold periods. Finally this research showed that short waves have more events and the long heat wave have least events.The heat waves are more at the end of winter and the first days of autumn.This time is simultaneous with the change of cold period to warm and warm to cold. The long heat waves were least event but they covered more areas of Iran and the short heat waves were more event but they covered minimum areas of Iran. The heat wave are more event in north and northwest, central of Iran and south coastal areas. Also warm waves had increasing trend and have had more events at recent years.

Border areas due to some reasons including their distance from central parts, geographical seclusion, lack of development and... have a great and distinguished difference with central parts from the view point of welfare and development and the establishment of border markets can adjust the one-way relationship of central part with border areas and improves the regional welfare.This paper has studied Common Small Market of Tamrchin in Piranshahr at West Azarbaijan province through descriptive-analytical method. The statistical society of this research includes all tradesmen, merchants and other people involved in border markets who have obtained merchants and tradesmen’s card, which has been selected, based on the sample volume of 220 people and the questionnaires were distributed among them. For analyzing information, ANP model and also multi regression conceptive statistics model was used.The results of the studies suggests that the establishment and activity of markets in the district can create a relative improvement in some welfare variables including employment, job mobility of border habitants, increase of income, supplying the requirements of border habitants, food, health, housing and environment. Also the establishment of markets has greatly reduced the informal economy of the area, but did not able to reduce the emigration of the great number of rural people particularly the young ones. In addition Tamrchin market has created a relative economic security in the area. The results of multi regression model shows that there is a significant relationship between the factors existing in Tamrchin border market and the regional welfare indices, i.e. 37% of the created welfare is the result of development of Tamrchin market.

Since the spatial structure of each region and equilibrium amount of urban system represents the physical reflection of social and economical structures of the region, the current Academic models such as Rank-size, Entropy, Herfindahl and..., despite the simplicity and quantifiable values, do not have sufficient capacity. Because these models ignore the social, economical, administrative and physical indicators, and just focus on the population of cities. The aim of the research is the application of-Hilhorst systemic approach for explaining the regional spatial planning strategy for Guilan region and the research method is systemic analytical method, with documentary data and information, through the application of models as Rank - size, Gini coefficient, the urban Primacy indicator. Case study is Gilan Province as functional planning region.Hilhorst systemic approach analyzes four factors (extent of favorable ecological zones, mineral resources capacity, a regional economic performance, management concentration), then evaluates their reflections on the two spatial components (marginal zone extent, Urban system).Subsequently, the regions will be divided into four categories and based on national position of each region, the optimal Spatial strategy of the region will be developed. According to the findings, Gilan region has extensive and appropriate ecological zones, lack of mineral resources, the economical, agricultural and tourism performance, Centralized administrative system and first urban primacy index, but the relative extent of marginal area is small. Gilan region was considered as "old agricultural area" the appropriate strategy of the area was determined as “consolidation distributed" or "Fixed spread” and finally the axes and fields of investment were determined.

Management, utilization and protection of natural resources require accurate and timely data. 3D visualization of vegetation cover where implemented in web bed, in way to be displayed and have a dynamic movement in virtual environment, facilitates the access of relevant experts to the simulated forest environment. The study area is a vegetative part of tropical area of Oman Sea in deprived province of Sistan and Baluchistan. Due to the high dispersion of vegetation and the required precision, using aerial photos is considered as a useful tool for preparing the database in GIS environment.In the present study, the spatial and descriptive database including the information of degree of density, type of vegetation cover and area and three-dimensional models of forest species were used to visualize in Google Earth environment. The final results indicate that three-dimensional visualization of the data extracted from aerial photos had a high precision and can be implemented in Google Earth environment and the conformity of forest boundaries in aerial photos with their boundaries in Google Earth has a significant accuracy. In addition, sharing of natural resources data in the context of web will enhance and makes efficient the process of management and decision-making of the experts.

Suitable locating and establishment of cities has a great importance in preventing the environmental crisis and also sustainable and durable use of resources of the region. The aim objective of this study is to assess the ecological potency of Mazandaran Province and comparing it with the location and development of the existing towns. To this end, this study has been done with descriptive-analytic method and by using geographical information systems (GIS).For this purpose, at first, the maps were digitalized in GIS environment and various required information layers including ground material, the ground situation and form, elevation from sea level, slope, slopes direction, isohyets and isothermal areas, relative humidity, water resources and vegetable cover have been used. Then they were turned into a suitable format for running the model. To evaluate the ecological potency of urban development and to integrate information layers, weighted index method was used as a result of which map of the land proportion for the establishment and development of cities was obtained.The results show that the areas with proper potency for urban development, after removing protected and forest areas, includes only 22.75 percent of the study area. Also comparison of the locations of the cities and the total development scores obtained showed that, 42 cities out of 51 cities in the province are in suitable conditions. Comparison of the total ecological criteria scores with the cities and their populations shows that there is a direct but weak relationship between suitable establishment of cities and their development.

Iran government as many other developing countries, is considered as one of the main and key elements of tourism development. Creating a safe environment, Construction of infrastructures, establishment of laws and regulations, development of specialized human resources and establishing international relations are only one part of the government duties for developing tourism in a big or small level. This functions have a direct or indirect relationship with local communities, domestic tourists, foreign tourists (international) and service providers. The main purpose of this paper is the study of the type of international tourists view about the hindering actions and policies regarding the development of tourism in the border areas of West Azerbaijan province.For this purpose, firstly, the views of professionals were collected using Delphi method and then using these views; a questionnaire was set up for tourists and a statistical sample of 381persons was developed, then the obtained results of the blank questionnaires were entered into hierarchical fuzzy approach. Findings indicate that the priority of security on development, limited foreign relationship, hierarchy structure and bureaucracy and weakness of infrastructures are the priorities indicated by the international tourists as the main obstacles and barriers of tourism development in border areas of west Azerbaijan.make and less manufacture Priorities are considered by international tourists as the main obstacles to tourism development in border regions of West Azerbaijan province.

To review the activities of Taftan volcano and indicating its relationship with seismicity of the region, by considering the conducted works relatively similar with our considered subject in the world, requires to study the seismicity parameters of the area at volcano occurrence time and all the under study time interval. The required data, after collecting and compiling seismic and Taftan volcano events’ catalogue from the sites and reliable centers in the world, were integrated and by using reliable existing formulas of seismic of the area at the occurrence time of each volcanic event were studied and analyzed.In this study, while preparing a catalog of the reordered seismicity and volcanic activities in the area, it is tried to evaluate the effects of its current activities on its seismicity. Combining the obtained information and general conclusion, showed no special abnormality about this volcano, but the analysis of the current seismic data of Taftan area, represents Gutenberg-Richter relationship as log N=-0.3975 M+2.7489, which the peak seismic activity of Taftan area has been during years 1990- 1994. The information about volcanic activities in the region is not enough, however between volcanic activities of years 1902.1970 and 1993 with seismic activity, a time relationship can be observed. Therefore, with respect to the importance of Taftan region from the view point of natural hazards and lack of existing information for the required studies, comprehensive tectonic seismic monitoring of Taftan area and volcano seems necessary.

Today, governing of cities is depending on democratic local governments. The patterns of urban local government are various in the world, The most important of them are the mayor-council, council-manager, commission, open town meeting and the representative town meeting. Among them, the council-manager model has the most contribution in the world cities. What can be called as urban local government in Iran, was started from Constitutional Movement in 1906. After that urban democratic foundations in Iran has altered under political changes and has continued up to now with different increases and decreases. This research has considered the evolution of urban local government in Iran by a historical approach in the recent century and by modeling and careful recognition of this foundation in historic periods has compared it with the patterns of urban local government in developed countries. The data required by this research has been gathered through documentary method from different laws municipality Association, City Association and Islamic Councils of the city( from Constitutional Movement to now). Resolution and analysis of data has been performed by content and logic analysis.The results of research showed that a kind of urban semi-local government has been created from the initial of 20th century. It was appeared in the form of council-manager and under the effect of political changes and political system of unitary structure form of sinuously movement had expanded and contraction power in continuous periods. This model has been equal for all of Iran’s cities and is more under the effect of powerful foundations of central government than the effect of citizen requirements.

Gelian anticline is located at south of Shirvan in North Khorasan Province, and geologically considered as a is part of Aladagh-Binaloud construction zone. The aim of this research is to evaluate the active tectonics of Gelian anticline based on geo-morphological indices. The purpose of this study is evaluating the active tectonics of Gelian anticline by using geo-morphologic indices. For achieving the above said objective, the required data were extracted from 1/100000 geological map and 1/50000 topographic maps as well as from Quickbird satellite images. Also, the field studies of Geo-morphological landforms and processes were made. Required data for calculation of ” K indices, triangular facets, wine-glass valleys, mountain front sinuosity, and stream spacing ratio(R) were extracted after importing into ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) software and the under study anticline was divided into 3 tectonic zones based on height, width and slope.Results of this study reveal that the rates of K, W (maximum width of wine-glass valley divided by width of wine-glass valley in outlet), R, slope, base length and area of triangular facets in zone 1 are higher than those of other zones. The values of mountain front sinuosity in 3 zones are about one. Generally, the evaluation of geo-morphological indices represent firstly, that Gelian anticline is tectonically active and secondly, that the rate of tectonic activity increases from southeast to northwest.

In this Survey, the climatic comfort conditions of Tabriz megalopolis have been examined with regard to the thermal sense of people. The evaluation of the thermal conditions has been made based on the calculations which are based on the human energy balance, and has been made for recognizing lack of comfort against the hot or cold weather for the people walking outdoors with suitable clothing. Hot and cold hours are defined depending on the extent and duration of thermal discomfort against the cold and warm conditions. Major methods used in this study are American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standard 55-2004 Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) method and it's put out to Givoni psychometric diagram. This is possible using hourly data for analyzing of monthly, seasonal and total 44 yearly (1961-2004) study period. Achieved results shows that maximum hourly rate of climatic comfort centralizations located in August, July and September months and minimum hourly rate of climatic comfort is in November, December, January, February and March months. From consecutive Distribution of months of the highest climatic comfort point of view, thermal period of April to October to have highest rates of hourly climatic comfort and while November to March period have not climatic comfort hours. From the view point of seasonal distribution of climatic comfort hours, summer with total mean of 989 hours and 64 percent seasonal distribution has allocated itself the most climatic comfort hours of Tabriz, after that, spring with 437 hours has 28 percent of seasonal distribution of hourly climatic comfort. Autumn with 123 hours and 8 percent of the seasonal distribution of hourly climatic comfort is located in next Place and winter has no role in seasonal distribution of hourly climatic comfort in Tabriz and total hours of winter season of Tabriz are discomfort hours.The total mean of climatic comfort hours of Tabriz in Statistical period shows 1549 hours from total 8760 hours that it shows 17.7 percent relation of climatic comfort hours to climatic discomfort hours in Tabriz. This means that in 82.3 percent of cases, for Creating balanced climate with human physiological conditions, energy shall be consumed, which in addition to the Expense, requires professional issues.