Yafteh
Year:2008 | Volume:9 | Issue:4 (34)|Papers Count:15

Background: Mother's milk is the only nourishing source in the first six months of life. If it is suitable and enough, all nutrients and reguired energe will be provided for a breast–fed to grow. Insufficient knowledge and information, wrong beliefs and traditional information about a breast – fed, working outside the home and the desire of working mothers to feed their children with powdered milk and to start the implementary feeding very early. The increasing of mother's willing to abdominal delivery and being away from the child in the first golden hours and misleading advertisements about powdered milk are all some reasons of decreasing the desire to mother's milk and increasing desire to powdered milk. Therefor, the aim of this study is to consider mother's knowledge about the importance of breast- feeding.Materials and methods: In this study, we completed questionnaires with seventeen questions to parturient mothers who came to Asali hospital in 2006 which included some variables such as benefits of breast feeding, the mother’s milk composition. The information was extracted and analyzed by SPSS software.Results: From 550 parturient mothers who came to Asali hospital in 2006, 33 mothers (6 percent) had low knowledge, 216 of them (39 percent) had medium knowledge and 301 of them (55 percent) had high knowledge. This study indicates that regardless to consider some variables, mother's knowledge has been very high and also there is a significantl relationship between mother's age and their knowledge. The average age of low – knowledge mothers was 26, the medium knowledge was 28 and the high- knowledge was 31. In other words, mothers who have more children, have more knowledge. There is significant relationship between the mother’s education and her knowledge which means the higher educated the mother was the more knowledge she had. The mothers who worked outside of home had more knowledge compared to those whom didn’t. In this research, it was shown that there isn't any sinificant relationship between family income and the mother's knowledge. However there has been a reasonable relationship between mother's educations and their knowledge. More education, more knowledge about the importance of breast – feeding. Among working mothers, we can see that their knowledge is more than housewives. Mothers living in cities have more knowledge more than whom live in villages.Conclusion: According to findings, the amount of knowledge is relatively good, but still, most of them have not required knowledge about children nourishing, espetially those mothers whom are young and those whom live in villages. Therefore, we must pay more attention to mothers who live in villages.

Background: The prevalence rate of opioids consumption is high in Iran. The latest research approach related to substance abuse considers the role of plasma proteins in novel treatments of addiction. Since long-term consumption of opioids has some effects on liver function and plasma transfer systems, the present study was designed to determine the electrophoretic profile of plasma proteins in opiates-addict subjects.Materials and methods: In this cross-control study, the sample groups consisted of 42 opium consumers and 35 heroine dependents as case group and 35 non-addict volunteers as control group. The control group was matched with addicts for age and sex. Opioid consumption was confirmed by laboratory diagnostic tests on urine samples such as immunochromatography (RSA), rapidosis and complementary tests including liquid-solid column chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC). After blood collection and serum preparation, serum electrophoresis was performed. Data were presented as mean±SEM and analyzed by SPSS ver.11.5. The comparison of groups was done by using parametric tests and p<0.01 was considered as statistically significant.Results: There was no significant difference in the amounts of albumin, alpha-1-globulin, alpha-2-globulin and beta-globulin between groups. Gamma-globulin concentration was not significantly different between opium addicts (17.38±3.61gr/L) and heroin addicts (17.48±4.4gr/L), but it was significantly high (p<0.01) in both heroin and opium groups compared to the control group (13.3±1.8gr/L).Conclusion: Morphine bonding to serum albumin and other impurities in narcotic drugs may lead to the production of antigen complexes, stimulation of immune system and consequently increase in gammaglobulins concentration. Also, opioids binding to opiate receptors, directly or indirectly, can affect immune system through stimulating hypophysis-hypothalamus pathway. Although continuous consumption of opioids affects both cellular immune and hormonal systems, significant increase of gammaglobulin band can be related to the high risk behaviors associated with opioids consumption and the higher probability of infectious diseases in addicts due to poor health status.

Background: In previous studies, antinociceptive activity of Allium Jesdianum (AJ) has been evaluated using Formalin and Tail Flick tests. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study and analyze substances in extract and probable role of the opioidergic system.Materials and methods: AJ was collected from Lorestan province and was coded in Agriculture College of Lorestan University, and by the use of rotary device, it was extracted. The sample of the study was a group of 120 male Sprague-Dawely rats weighing 180-220gr. and 50 other mice. AJ extract was administrated intra-peritoneally for the evaluation of its antinociceptive effects. Pain models selected were Tail Flick and Hot Plate. For the evaluation of the probable role of opioidergic Naloxone an opioidergic antagonist was used in two pain models. Sensory motor performance was evaluated using Rotarod apparatus. Substances of extract using GC/Mass apparatus were analyzed.Results: Results of experiments showed that AJ administration increased Tail Flick and Hot Plate latencies. Naloxone pre-treatment inhibited antinociceptive effects of AJ in both pain models. Sensory motor performance was not seen. IN extract analysis Morphin Cylerit, Ethyl cinamate, Isocoinoline, Neomantol and long chain alcohol were founded.Conclusion: In general, the experiments showed that AJ extract has antinociceptive effects that is opposite to Naloxone, and extract analysis proposed that Morphine Cylerit or Etyi Cinamate is suitable for this role.

Background: Chronic dialysis is an expensive procedure for patients and health care centers. If we can decrease the complications during dialysis as much as possible, so could we decrease expenses resulted from repeated dialysis. L-carnitine is a necessary agent for natural function of myocardium and skeletal muscles; therefore, it may decrease different complications during dialysis. This study was performed to assess of carnitine role in this respect.Materials and methods: The patients who referred to dialysis ward of Fatemieh hospital from Jul. 2005 to Feb. 2006 were enrolled in a double blind cross-over clinical trial. All the patients were divided into two groups. The control group received placebo and the trial group received L-carnitine (500mg/d) during dialysis. The occurrence of complications resulting from dialysis in any session (including decreasing of blood pressure, cramp and vomiting) after the use of placebo and/or L-carnitine was assessed and compared in both groups.Results: Out of 33 patients who participated in the study, 26 continued to the end of the study period. Occurrence of different complications during the use of placebo and/or L-carnitine did not have any significant differences.Conclusion: It seemed that L-carnitine (500mg/d) does not have any obvious effects on dialysis patients and results in unnecessary expenses for patients, so it is not recommended.

Background: Some of the skin diseases cause severe stress in patients and relieving these stresses greatly helps to treat the underlying disease. Alopecia areata is one of the common causes of alopecia which is an autoimmune disease. Other factors like genetics and psychological factors have important roles in the beginning or exacerbation of the disease. This study aimed to determine the frequency of depression and anxiety disorders in patient suffering from alopecia areata.Materials and methods: In this descriptive study, 80 patients with alopecia areata who had referred to dermatologic clinic of Shohaday-e Ashayer hospital in Khorramabad from 1382 to 1383(Hj.) were evaluated. After filling the questionnaires, the patients were referred to the Psychiatric Clinic and the cases were diagnosed by interviews using SCL-90 test and DSM-IV-IIIR scale. The analysis of data was done by the SPSS software.Results: 80 patients were selected as the subjects of the study. including 52 men (65%) and 28 women (35%). 43 patients (53.8%) were less than 25 years old and 54 (67.5%) were unmarried. 56 patients (70%) had a family history of alopecia areata and 45 (56.25%) had no history of drug intake. In most of the patients (63.8%) the site of the first lesion was the scalp. Out of 80 patients, 64 (80%) had anxiety and 60 (75%) had depression. 27 (33.3%) had major depressive disorders. These findings were statistically significant. Major depressive disorders were more in women. No correlation was found between education, marital status, family history, and the history of drug intake, and the site of first lesion.Conclusion: The frequencies of depression and anxiety disorders in patients with alopecia areata were significant and higher than the general population. In other studies, frequency of psychological disorders like depression, anxiety, phobia, mood disorders and psychotic disorders were also higher than the general population. Actually, it was not exactly clear whether the patients initially had depressive disorders or later on secondary to alopecia areata had developed these disorders. To know more on this subject more studies are required.

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common causes of chronic neurological disability in young adults and geographical diversities and differences have been reported in its occurrence. For more concise data about MS in the West of Iran, in this study, the clinical and epidemiological features of MS patients were evaluated at the University Hospital of Hamedan.Materials and methods: Data for 155 MS patients attending Hamedan University of Medical Sciences’ MS Clinic between the years of 2004 and 2005 who had fulfilled Poser criteria for clinically definite MS were reviewed. Moreover, early and late MS onsets for clinical and epidemiological differences were compared.Results: The early onset MS was reported in 23(14.83%) subjects who were 18 or less years old of whom 7 (30.44%) were male and 16 (69.56%) were female. The age mean was 16.22±16.36. 17(73.92%) patients were classified as having relapsing-remitting MS, while 5 patients (21.73%) were classified as having secondary progressive MS and 1 patient (4.35%) was classified as having primary progressive MS. There were no significant differences in clinical and epidemiological features for MS subtypes in the institute. 12.9% of patients had positive family history for the disease and one patient had a benign MS. The clinical and epidemiological features of early and adult onset MS were not significantly different in the study.Conclusion: The present study confirmed that while the clinical and epidemiological features of MS patients in Hamedan university hospital were similar to those in other Iranian institutes in most of the cases, early onset MS was more common.

Background: With regard to the high prevalence of Giardiasis in elementary school children of most countries and the nececerity of rapid and sensitive detection of the disease in laboratories, this study was performed to compare routine parasitical assays and new techniques in antigen detection by Elisa for the detection of Giardia lamblia. Moreover, it was aimed to measure the prevalence of Giardiasis in Delfan town.Materials and methods: This study was an analytical-comparative study that was performed on 500 school children at elementary schools aged 6-12. After the selection of samples by systematic random sampling methods, the questionnaires were completed by every child and 3 fecal samples were collected from each child. The method of getting fecal samples from children was demonstrated for parents. All the samples were examined by wet-mount and Formalin-ether concentration assays. Then, the Elisa technique was performed to all samples and the findings were compared.Results: Out of 500 male and female subjects aged 6-12 in Delfan elementary schools, 97 samples examined by three laboratory techniques (Wetmount, Formalin-ether concentration, and Elisa) were found to be positive for Giardia lamblia. %19.4 of the subjects (68) were positive for Giardia lamblia, (%70.1) in Wetmount assay, 88 samples (%90.72) in Formalin-ether concentration test, and 95 samples (%97.93) in Elisa technique.Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that Elisa technique in comparison to routine parasitical assays for Giardia detection was more sensitive and rapid. This technique does not need experts to be carried out and it shows organisems with minimum amounts of Giardial antigens in their feces. This technique can examine more samples in a shorter time. The findings demonstrated that the prevalence of Giardiasis in elementary school children in Delfan town is almost high and needs more hygiene education and instruction.

Background: Duodenal biopsies are routinely obtained from suspected patients as a screening tool to evaluate the possibility of celiac diseases (CD). An increase in Intra-Epithelial Lymphocytes (IELs) is important in the diagnosis of CD and even in the presence of normal villous architecture may reflect gluten intolerance. The aim of this study was the comparison of two different histological staining Methods (H&E and IHC) for the quantization of duodenal IELs.Materials and methods: This cross–sectional study was performed on 74 duodenal samples from April 2004 to September 2004 at Shariati hospital. All biopsies were stained with H&E and IHC Methods (LCA) and each one was twice examined for the quantization of IELs by pathologist taking use of single blinding.Results: The mean number of IELs/100 epithelial cells in the first and second observations was 15.77 and 16.72 on H&E stained sections whereas it was 21.54 and 21.18 on IHC study. There was a linear correlation between IELs in H&E and IHC Methods. The comparison of mean IELs on H&E and LCA stained slides revealed about 5 cells preference for LCA.Conclusion: Two-step analysis of IELs quantization was suggested: 1) Estimation of IELs on H&E stained sections, and 2) LCA staining and counting, if IELs are suspected (upper limit of normal). When IHC staining was not performed it was possible to use the following formula: IELs on H&E +5 IELs on IHC.

Background: Family has an important role on children's personality and preparing them for future. Corporal punishment involves the application of some forms of physical pain in response to undesirable behavior for the purpose of correction or control of the child's behavior. Corporal punishment constitutes a human-rights violation and has physical and mental health consequences for children.Materials and methods: This survey was conducted to detect and compare some behavioral disorders due to parental corporal punishment in school age children. This case-control trial deals with 240, primary school children aged 7-12 years old. These subjects were selected through cluster randomized sampling in Korramabad and divided into two (case and control) groups. Instruments for measuring data consisted of three components: 1) a questionnaire on demographic information, 2) a questionnaire on corporal punishment and, 3) a rating scale about behavioral disorder such as verbal and behavioral aggression, withdrawal, and cooperation in school. Data were analyzed by SPSS ver11. Results: Results indicated that in 92.6% of cases the corporal punishment method was slapping. Significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of mother's educational level (p=0.001), mother's job (p=0.004), mother's child-birth number (p=0.024), verbal aggression (p=0.001), behavioral aggression (p=0.001), withdrawal (p=0.05), and cooperation (p=0.001).Conclusion: Results indicated that housekeeper mothers and mothers with low educational level use more corporal punishment and behavioral disorders were more in school age children who had suffered parental corporal punishment. Based on the results of this study, educating parents and families about results of corporal punishment in young children is suggested. Public health actions including training programs on alternative methods of discipline are also suggested.

Background: There are reports indicating that fatty acid transport is affected by many biochemical parameters including trace metals. In this study the effect of Ti on oleic acid transport is investigated.Materials and methods: Male rats (200-250gr) were used for the experiments. Rats were killed, their intestines were removed and the jejunum parts were dissected. Everted Gut Sacs (EGS) were prepared from this part. Sacs were filled with buffer and incubated in a medium containing oleic acid and TiCl3. The transported oleic acid inside the EGS was measured spectrophotometrically under different condition of PH, temperature and TiCl3 concentrations.Results: Titanium decreased fatty acid uptake by entrocytes in a dose dependent manner. In a medium contained 0.5, 1, 1.5, 10 mmol of TiCl3, uptake of oleic acid was inhibited by 14.6%, 31.6%, 38.6% and 54.5% respectively. This inhibition was achieved when sodium ion (Na) was present. In the absence of sodium, uptake of oleic acid was inhibited by 3.5%, 28%, 29%, and 39% respectively which was not very significant.Conclusion: Oleic acid transport appeared to be an Na dependent process and Ti may exert its inhibitory effect by interfering with this system.

Background: Epidermolysis Bolusa is a great challenge for all anesthesiologists. In this disease even indirect touch and pressure can cause boluses or wounds on skin and membranes of body.Case report: In this paper we introduce two Epidermolysis Bolusa patients who were brought to the operation room for the amnion graft of finger fusion.Conclusion: For anesthetic management of these patients, when surgery does not need muscle relaxation and mechanical ventilation, Ketamine is recommended for the prevention of airway manipulation.