PAZHUHESH-E ZABANHA-YE KHAREJI
Year:2007 | Volume:- | Issue:37|Papers Count:9

This paper attempts to discuss the place of the Imagination in Romanticism and Islamic mysticism. It will also show the similarities and differences between the two traditions in this regard. In this study special attention has been given to the poetry and prose of Coleridge and Shelley as two prominent romantic poets and critics, and among the Muslim theosophists, Ibn Arabi has been the main focus of this study as the great Sufi master in whose theosophy the Imagination is introduced as the highest means of perception. Of his works, his monumental book Fusus AI-Hikam (The Bezels of Wisdom) that contains the synopsis of his theosophy has been the focal point of this study.

The present study is related to explaining the differences between the "dative case concerned person" and the "dative case addressee" in Russian language and the ways they may be expressed in Persian. The article argues that the above cases are usually comprised of four parts, with the main and the most important part of a sentence being a word which is used in the dative case either for the concerned person or addressee.In the case that we use a verb for both cases, the verb will have "the grammatical double conducting". In Persian language, we can ignore the subject from the structure. In this case, the suffix of the verb plays the role of subject. In Russian Language, we can do so only if the tense of the sentence is present or future. In Russian language, we cannot ignore the subject from those sentences in past tense. The difference between "dative case concerned person" with the same structure in Persian language is that in Russian one of the participants is personal pronoun, but in Persian it is possessive pronoun. In Russian sentences with "dative case addressee," the preposition is not used. But in Persian language it is not so and we use prepositions.

This paper attempts to discuss the place of the Imagination in Romanticism and Islamic mysticism. It will also show the similarities and differences between the two traditions in this regard. In this study special attention has been given to the poetry and prose of Coleridge and Shelley as two prominent romantic poets and critics, and among the Muslim theosophists, Ibn Arabi has been the main focus of this study as the great Sufi master in whose theosophy the Imagination is introduced as the highest means of perception. Of his works, his monumental book Fusus AI-Hikam (The Bezels of Wisdom) that contains the synopsis of his theosophy has been the focal point of this study.

This article deals with the concept of illusion in Ibsen's The Wild Duck and compares it with the same concept in Persian literature. What is painful in The Eild Duck is a feigned sleep from which Gregers tries to awaken people. He tries to open Hjalmar's eyes whose life is full of illusions. Gregers encourages him to confront the reality and accept it. However, his effort is a kind of defense mechanism and is doomed to fail.The article, then, discusses a legendary poor dervish who dies to change the life of Attar, the great Persian poet. It argues that there are similarities between this dervish's deeds and what Gregers tries to achieve.

One of the rich elements persisting in the treasure of human culture and customs is myth and mythicizing is one of the oldest ways of story telling. In France, following the great ancient tragedy writers, the use of ancient myths, particularly in literature and dramatic arts, has long been a practice. However, the approach of the 20th century to the issue of myth, with respect to the number of works in which a mythical story has been re-examined and re-constructed, is considered a special approach. This article argues that the re-emergence of myth in the era of modernity and its rewriting is not accidental. To prove this, the article touches upon some causes of such a return of myth to France's dramatic literature in the first half of the 20thcentury. It also discusses the peculiarities of neomyth, that is, the myth created with a new insight, issues the study of which is impossible without an understanding of their soci-historical backgrounds.

Mythological worlds share a lot in common and portray a universe quite dissimilar to that of reality. This has encouraged writers worldwide to search for possible shared grounds. This article focuses on the bird as a recurring motif among the nineteenth-century French and classic Persian poets. The writer argues that the bird has had symbolic, aesthetic, expressive and archetypal representations both in French and Persian poetry. She further illustrates that these representations range from distanced but identifiable descriptions of birds to representations of humankind's desire to encompass the world, to transcend it or even go to an extreme of orgiastic divesting of the human shape in order to become a bird.

The present article introduces related languages and their classifications. The study of various languages has led to the assumption that some languages are related, that they have developed from a common source. This assumption came to be confirmed in large part through the linguistic situation in Western Europe. In 1786 William Jones, an English jurist in India, observed that Sanskrit, the ancient, learned language of India, was systematically similar to Greek and Latin, to his native language, and to earlier forms of English. This observation had been made before, without widespread effect. After Jones' statement, however, scholars in Europe began systematic comparison of older forms of English and German with Latin, Greek, Sanskrit and other languages. Their work in the Indo-European family led to the development of historical linguistics as a discipline. This article gives an intensive introduction on Indo-European languages by examining Germanic languages and proceeds to examine German language, its background and historical changes until World War H. Also, part of this treatise deals with the impact of Latin, Greek and French languages on German languages.

The present study is related to explaining the differences between the "dative case concerned person" and the "dative case addressee" in Russian language and the ways they may be expressed in Persian. The article argues that the above cases are usually comprised of four parts, with the main and the most important part of a sentence being a word which is used in the dative case either for the concerned person or addressee.In the case that we use a verb for both cases, the verb will have "the grammatical double conducting". In Persian language, we can ignore the subject from the structure. In this case, the suffix of the verb plays the role of subject. In Russian Language, we can do so only if the tense of the sentence is present or future. In Russian language, we cannot ignore the subject from those sentences in past tense. The difference between "dative case concerned person" with the same structure in Persian language is that in Russian one of the participants is personal pronoun, but in Persian it is possessive pronoun. In Russian sentences with "dative case addressee," the preposition is not used. But in Persian language it is not so and we use prepositions.

Constructing a Machine Translation (MT) system is a multidimensional activity which demands innovation and problem-solving ability in several areas. In this process, certain inter-disciplinary fields of science and technology are vastly utilized. Strategies of Artificial Intelligence (AI), through application principles of mathematics, statistics and logic provide an appropriate form of language which can be programmed and transferred into the machine. In Iran, the aforementioned activity has been initiated of late but bears an inconsistent progress. In order to achieve advancements in the field of MT, three tasks should be taken into account: 1) data-processing, describing and constructing suitable models for intelligent applications, 2) writing and applying the required software, and 3) utilizing the relevant technology. Taking these into consideration, in this article, some linguistic aspects of the MT system are explicated by placing premium on methods experimented in Russia. Moreover, due to the integrated relationship of MT with AI and programming, some general information, with regard to the named fields, is also provided.