PAZHUHESH-E ZABANHA-YE KHAREJI
Year:2002 | Volume:- | Issue:11|Papers Count:19

Mr. Mississippi's Marriage play, an outstanding work of art by Durrenmatt, has four main characters; Mississippi believes in the capitalistic system advocating that man's welfare lies in complying with the said system. Saint Claude maintains that real justice may be established only through the victory of the communist party and supports that idea. The third character is a devoted physician who has donated all his wealth to the needy, being a true philanthropist. As against the above characters each of whom represent and symbolise a specific worldview, Anaesthesia, who is the only feminine character of the play, represents a person who does not believe in any principle, giving no credit either to ethics or conscience; she constantly lies, deceives, and changes her face. Durrenmatt demonstrates that none of the male characters succeed in their idealistic trend of thoughts, but rather; the world is most enjoyed and consumed by those who value no principle, as Anaesthesia.

For those lerners who are studying basic English, the problem of stress in words and sentences is of great importance. The English language is considered among those languages that its correct pronunciation entirely depends on the accurate stress and intonation. Furthermore, it is highly probable that any misplacement of stress or wrong application causes many mistakes and misunderstandings. In this essay, this purpose is briefly accomplished. In other words, the present study can be regarded as a trivial attempt to draw the attention of the learner towards learning an important aspect of language teaching that is less or rarely considered.

Princess Zib-on-nesa Makfi, the most famous poetess was borne by an Iranian mother in 1048 Hegira. Her father Mohye-d-din Owrangzib-e, Alamgir was one of the powerful kings of Indian Mongol Empire. Makfi was not only a poetess but she also knew the Holy Quran by heart. She knew Arabic, Persian, and Turkish thoroughly. She could write Nasta liq, Sekaste, and Nask writings beautifully. Though she was a princess yet she lived like sufis. She spent all her efforts for the guardianship of writers, poets, and artists. She established an academy and many books were written by her order. She never got married and this caused many false stories about her life and character. She died at the age of 65 and was buried in Delhi.

Comparing different writers' novels helps in the deeper understanding of them. In this article, while showing the long and historical literary relations between Iran and Russia, it also shows the influence of Anton Chekhov on modern Iranian writers, especially Sadeq Hedayat. The story Kashtanka written by Chekhov and Sag-e Velgard (The Tramp Dog) written by Hedayat have been analyzied, compared and the similarities and differences shown. Although the story Kashtanka illuminated Hedayat in the writing of Sage Velgard and the artistic descriptions are similar in many ways, Hedayat discribed the dog's life with a different outlook.In this article the differences in the two writers' outlooks on life have been analyzied.

Since the emergence of novel in the eleventh century within the realm of French literature to the present, this literary phenomenon has undergone some principle modification and evolution. Having a background of a thousandyear research, novel in French literature in the nineteenth century, in which the most comprehensive definitions of novel were presented, is often known as the golden age of the novel. In fact, the greatest effort to revitalize the structure and principles of novel was carried out by Balzac. Therefore, the attempts of Balzac can be regarded as a Renaissance in novel. However, from Balzac up to the end of the first half of the twentieth century, French literature witnessed four periods of novel writing. This paper tries to investigate the developmental processes of novel and introduces four major periods of novel writing developments from Balzac to modern novelists.

This paper describes a study designed to investigate the constituent order typology. The purpose of the study is to determine the extent of constituent order. Constituent order typology has played a major role in the development of language typology. A problem in assigning basic constituent order is where the language has different basic constituent orders in different constructions. The major idea in this area is the assumption of the two canonical constituent order types, operator-operand (adjunct-head) and operand-operator (head-adjunct). If a language does not adhere to one of these two types, then change will be initiated to bring it into conformity with one or the other.

The Tragedy of Shaka is an epic work related to Shaka, who is from the Black Continent, fighting against political oppression. Thomas Mofoloy, who is himself a black English man, used to be a slave who later accepted English nationality, yet he was still oppressed when he created a very ugly feature of this mythological hero in his novel. Leopold Sedar Senghor has depicted Shaka as a dedicated leader, the chief of a tribe who sacrifices feelings and love for obligation. Senghor has captured the spirit of this great epic, and, by submitting painful and yet beautiful images, has given soul and spirit to this tremendous work of art.

The 20th century novel has changed both in form and content. A new conception of world and generally of existence and also another kind of relation between artist and reality, which surrounds his world, have changed the various traditional form of novel. In this way, the novelist tries to discover the dominant reality within his own existence instead of finding it out of his internal world.This article tries to take into consideration some European great writers works which have a basic role in bringing about this change.

The present article introduces Indo-European languages in an intensive manner. Then it examines Germanic languages and concludes with the examination of German language, its background and historical changes until World War II. Also, part of this treatise deals with the impact of Latin, Greek, and French languages on German language.

Together with tremendous upheavals which occured in sciences, art, and so on in the past century, literature also went through major upheavals in European countries, including German speaking ones. It is quite matural that poetry (German poetry) was not left unaffected. What is the cause of such upheavals? What are new techniques and who are their representatives? These are questions which the present writer has tried to respond to in the present article.

This paper describes a study designed to investigate the constituent order typology. The purpose of the study is to determine the extent of constituent order. Constituent order typology has played a major role in the development of language typology. A problem in assigning basic constituent order is where the language has different basic constituent orders in different constructions. The major idea in this area is the assumption of the two canonical constituent order types, operator-operand (adjunct-head) and operand-operator (head-adjunct). If a language does not adhere to one of these two types, then change will be initiated to bring it into conformity with one or the other.

The applications of linguistics in the study and learning, language planning, communication between groups, systems of communications, translating and interpreting as well as lexicography are all parts of language improvement that may be supplied by a well-versed language teacher in linguistics. The bulk of the work of good linguists to date has related to language teaching and language learning, especially English as a foreign or second language. In this paper, I have tried to show the scholarly views in this regard and help to get the attention of the committed teachers in a more specific area of improvement for teaching English in the universities of our country.Since linguistics uses information from sociology, psychology, anthropology and information theory, it is useful in relation to practical problems such as those mentioned above in order to develop theoretical methods of language and language use and thereby in practical areas such as syllabus design, language planning, stylistics and even speech therapy.

This study aimed to examine Iranian's EFL learners metacognitive strategy use who were studying English in distance and in classroom based language education. There was an attempt, more specifically, to find a relationship between metacognitive strategy use with learners (a) self-perceived English proficiency, (b) educational setting systems, and (c) teaching experiences. This study found a positive and moderate correlation between the learners' self perceived English proficiency and their metacognitive strategy use. It also revealed a different pattern of metacognitive strategy use by learners in various years of education in the two educational systems. A significant difference was also found between the learners metacognitive strategy use and their teaching experiences indicating that teaching experience led to a more frequent use of metacognitive strategies. This study supports the crucial role of metacognitive strategy in improving learners' language ability and suggests language learners use metacognitive strategies in the process of their language education.

An active knowledge of the spoken language can always be used as a base for learning the written literary language. But very few students who learn to read the language first ever achieve a sufficient level of spoken proficiency later. Insufficient attention has been paid in the past to the skill of listening comprehension. Reading is a skill which does not come automatically. It must be learned, and for this aim it is important that the student have suitable texts available which contain only a small percentage of new words. In Iran few teachers have the time to prepare effective supplementary materials of their own. Therefore the textbook should, ideally, provide the teacher with more material than he can use. There are certain things which machines can do better than live teachers, and other things which require the presence of a live teacher. It is a waste of time for the teacher to do in class what can be done as well or better in the laboratory. The teacher should use the moderate capacity time at his disposition for those more creative aspects of language learning, which cannot be completed, in the laboratory. At the very beginning the proper production of the sounds is more important than reading or writing. Even during the early lessons of the basic textbook proper oral production is more important than spelling. Our experimental documentation seems to indicate that well-developed listening comprehension can help as a firm basis for the progress of active oral expertise at a later date, and that proficiency can be more quickly regained after an error in time if listening comprehension has been properly stressed at the early levels of teaching.