JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH)
Year:2012 | Volume:11 | Issue:4|Papers Count:9

This paper aims at identifying the factors that have influenced changes in the level of industrial CO2 in Iran. Environmental Problems, especially "climate change" due to significant increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases, have been on the agenda since 1980s. Among the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (C02) is the most important. By means of an algebraic decomposition method the observed changes are analyzed into five different factors: output level, energy intensity, fuel mix, structural change and residual. The results show that output and energy intensity had the most effect on increasing CO2 emissions. And CO2 emissions are possible to decrease without decreasing output if structure and efficiency energy and Fuel mix get improved.

The aim of this study is analyzing the relationship between expenditure on research and productivity in agricultural sector for time series of 1980-2007. For this purpose actuarial causality between the cost of research and productivity vector auto regression (VAR) has been used. The results showed that there is one-way relationship between research and productivity. Also the diagrams of reaction functions showed that both research costs and productivity variables are sensitively related to change in the rate of other variables. Also for analyzing and determining a long-term equilibrium relationship between variables Johansen-Juselius cointegretion method was used that includes two tests of maximum eigenvalue test and trace test where there is a vector of cointegretion relationships that shows there is stability relationship between research and productivity as well.

Marriage is a demographic, social and economic phenomenon and age of marriage is a good instrument for its analysis. Age pattern of marriage among women in Iran has recently changed. Mean age at first marriage increased from 19.9 years in 1986 to 22.4 years in 1996 and to 23.3 years in 2006. In this article various factors affecting age of marriage are identified. An economic approach to define and identify parameters and variables of the model and the mechanisms that affect marriage and its timing are also used. Under this approach an econometric model to identify socioeconomic factors affecting women's marriage pattern in Iran is developed. Data is from the 2001 Socioeconomic Survey of Iranian Households and the 1996 census of Iran. Proportional Hazard Cox Regression model is used to analyze data. The application of Proportional Hazard Cox Regression technique indicates that education has a statistically significant and strong positive effect on woman's age at the first marriage. Other significant factors include rural-urban residence, ethnic group, age group, and socioeconomic status of the household.

In recent decades, due to water crisis, most countries have been more interested in new policies for managing water demand instead of regulating the water supply. In dry and semi-dry areas of Iran such as Fars province, water scarcity is not only the important factor that impedes economic development but also special input in production. Drought in year 2007 could be considered as a risk of crisis in water supply. So, the purpose of this study is managing water demand through economizing surface water and groundwater resources which is of special importance in the region. It is self-evident that agricultural economy has a close relationship with water management. In this research the standard Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) method is used to calibrate the agricultural sector model. A two-stage stratified random sampling through personal interviews of Bakan from Eghlid farmers has been applied, where abundant water resources and groundwater exist. By selecting a real sample of farms, model calculation for both areas is carried out. Two scenarios are identified. In the first scenario, by using PMP model for each group from water resources are calculated separately. They differ in terms of net revenue which is because of overly cost of construction and operation of wells between the two groups of surface water and groundwater. Results show that 10% decrease in water supply or doubling the prices will not change the optimal crop pattern in comparison to the base pattern. The results of model calculation shows that through running new irrigation methods (intensive irrigation) and also by effective pricing policies, investment can be encouraged in the water sector and in the area and therefore, through optimum management of water demand the water resources can be saved and any form of waste avoided.

Transfer of inheritance and accumulated savings to future generations as a factor affecting the income inequalities for the next generations and as a key variable in government expenses allocated to socio-economic services and social security has always been a controversial subject for research. In this study, using a panel data, in a structure based on traditional culture in Sistan and Baluchestan province, it is tried to determine how the households make decisions on inheritance and which social, economic and demographic factors have greater impact on such decisions in a dual urban life. For this purpose, firstly, the Altonji and Villanueva model or the "income-wealth derivative" was considered as a base framework. Then, with regard to the charitable behavior of the province households, some variables are set for the model. After that, the Data Panel for the years 2001-2006 with nearly 1600 tax cases are analyzed which are prepared through inheritance tax cases and personal visits. Then using the statistical software of STATA 9.1, data were analyzed. To determine the fixed and random effect, the Hausman test was also used. Finally, the results related to the scheme hypothesis are reviewed. Findings indicate a difference in behavior and some form of harmony respect to dual structures of each society. It means that, with improving the economic wellbeing in Zahedan city, inheritance increases, but in case of low-income societies, inheritance will decrease. In other words, Wagner theory, arguing per capita income growth from the perspective of citizens' behavior within different structures and changes in income elasticity of goods for the households in terms of effects on the inheritance transfer model can be easily seen in different behavioral coefficients.

This paper, using an economic analysis of crime, focuses on the relationship between crime and income inequality in Iran. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between crime and income inequality in Iran. This means that by increasing income inequality in Iran the robbery as a crime will increase as well. In addition the findings reveal that there is a direct relationship between robbery and the proportion of people in urban areas, divorce and unemployment rate, but there is a negative relationship for households' monthly income in Iran.

Empirical studies imply that natural resource abundance plays an important role on economic growth in natural-resource-rich countries. The growth literature shows that human capital, education, technology progress and institutional quality are effective factors on economic growth. This article using a panel data firstly investigates the Resource Curse Hypothesis and then analyzes the effective factors and how they affect RCH. Among several effective factors that are reported in present studies, in this paper the main focus is on Human Capital and Institutional Quality. The sample for this research is two groups of petroleum exporting countries: A) Major petroleum exporters and B) Other petroleum exporters which are analyzed for the period 1996-2006. Results show that Resource Curse is seen in major Petroleum Exporting Countries. The findings also confirm the importance of low institutional quality and inadequate investments in human capital in case of resource curse. The results confirm that natural resource abundance has a negative impact on growth if considered in isolation, but a positive direct impact on growth if other explanatory variables, such as human capital, institutional quality, openness and etc. are taken into account.