JOSTARHA-YE TARIKHI (FARHANG) (HISTORICAL STUDIES)
Year:2008 | Volume:21 | Issue:3(67)|Papers Count:9

The victory of the constitutional movement in Iran in the year 1906, in the history of democratic and political parties in the world, is considered the first of its kind in the Islamic world and Asia. But today after one century elapse of the constitutional revolution of Iran and thirty years after the Islamic Revolution in 1979, as one of the Greatest Social Revolutions in the World, there are still serious worries about the level of strong democratic foundations in the country.Without any doubt, one of the main factors for causing such worries, is the lack of strong civil and political institutions as well instability, non professional and weak organization of the political parities..It is attempted, in this article, through studying the process of political development during the constitutional period, to answer this question that why political parties in Iran were not strongly rooted and stabilized during the constitutional movement and the reason such a big uprising practically did not find its proper position in the political structure and witnessed dissolution.It is an attempt that paves the ground for further endeavors in examining and studying the performance of parties in Iran during the last hundred years.

After the advent of Islam, Muslims paid attention to geography and traveling. The Quranic allusions and invitations to "travel through the earth", on one hand, and establishing a new tax system, on the other hand, were the motivations for traveling among Muslims.At first, the translation of works by Greek and Roman geographers began and later on the new travelers and geographers appeared.The present article, by exploring the works of Muslim travelers, explorers and geographers, tries to examine traveling and geography from the third century A.H. until their decline in the Mongolian period.

The process of formation and development of Iranian cities, like any other cities, in the Islamic period can be attributed to different geographical, historical, political as well as economic, commercial, cultural and religious factors.Kashafrood plain in Khorāsan, where the holy city Mashhad located, enjoys many desired environmental factors such as freshwater, springs and rivers, good climate, fertile soil, rich herbaceous cover and green pasturages which have rendered attraction and provided settlements for human groups from the old times. Further more location of Mashhad near the borders of central Asian tribes had given sensitivity to this town as a strategic military location after the Timurid period.In this paper I triy to survey the effect of historical and political factors of the Safavid period on development of the holy city of Mashhad.

The invasion at Iran by the Arabs, as a great event with deep implications, has contributed to shaping the new history of Iran. The majority of Iranians gradually embraced Islam, but the unIslamic and cruel behaivour of the Umayyads, the Abbasids and the Arab aristocrats caused to Iranians react. At first, it was an intellectual and cultural reaction, and the revival of Iranian identity and Persian language and literature were the distinct sign of it. It was in the third century A.H. that the Iranian dynasties came to power and political independence was attained.The present article, based on the events of the First and Second centuries A.H., is to study the reaction of Iranians to Arabs.

In the wake of the Sāssānids Empire's demise (625 AD), the Turkish tribes forayed into Khorāsān and Transoxiana. Hence the Umayyads and the Abbāsids had to give a military climate to these areas. Also, the first Iranian independence dynasties and the first social, political and religious upheavals appeared in those regions.This article, at first, exmines the role of Amir Esmāiil Sāmānid, as the founder of the Sāmānid Dynasty (819-999), and then tries to answer to these questions: What factors did cause the revival of the Persian culture in the Sāmānid's era? To what extent did the Samanids owe the political and military achivments to the dynasties before them?

The conquest of Iran by the Muslim Arabs in the 7th century introduced many changes in Iranian society. Significant cultural interactions both in Arabic lands and Iran took place and historians, depending on their ideological bending, have interpreted these interactions.The present article, by studying the conditions of the Iranian society in the second century A.D., tries to answer the questions: What elements of Islamic culture did influence on Iranian society? What elements of Iranian culture did influence on Arabs? And why these two cultures, at all, could have a mutual relationship?

Thanks to their knowledge of Iran, the French missionaries played a role in the expansion of colonial infiltration by informing the merchants and diplomats. They entered Iran during the Safavid period and their activities culminated during the regins of the Qājārs Kings.This article tries to show the role of the French missionaries in Isfahān, as one of the basic centers of their activites, by emphasizing on their religious, cultural and social activities.