GEOGRAPHIC SPACE
Year:2019 | Volume:19 | Issue:65 |Papers Count:23

Groundwater quality assessment is important for the management of the agricultural industry with the aim of using these resources in agriculture. Purpose of this research is studying the effect of decline the water table on groundwater quality of Marand plain using geographical information system (GIS) for water needed of Agriculture. In this research, successive periods of Hydrogeological drought were detected using SWI index in 6 periods (6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 48 months) in Marand plain in West Azerbaijan. For this purpose, water quality data of 70 wells and monthly water levels data in 23 wells in the period of 2001-2011 was used. The maps were produced by kriging in Arc GIS software. Results showed that groundwater drought has not happened a in studied area randomly and its focus in the West of aquifer is more than the East. Results of study based on electrical conductivity (EC), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) and Chlorine showed that water quality decreases from the center of aquifer toward its outlet so that at the end of aquifer, water quality become too salty. This situation is intensified in periods that are increased water withdrawal. Evaluation of water quality for agricultural purposes based on Wilcox diagram showed that in the drought 2010-2011 of Marand plain about 44 percent of groundwater had more salty.

Change detection and prediction of land cover change in the overall vision for better management of natural resources, protection of agricultural land around urban areas is very effective long-term policies and strategies. one of the methods used to control the process of changes in land cover and land use planners, is modeling. The land use maps 2000 and 2014 BEHBAHAN city was prepared using maximum likelihood classification. It also uses a Markov chain and logistic regression was 2028 land use map. Mapping modeled after the detection of changes in land use map was made in 2014 and 2028 with the LCM. Assess the accuracy, land use maps in 2000 and 2014 to evaluate the accuracy Kappa coefficient and logistic regression with (ROC) Relative Operating Characteristic was calculated. The results of modeling with logistic regression model showed that in all sub model ROC statistic is more than 94/0 These results show a very good offer logistic regression model in the analysis of changes in land use change modeling The results showed the sharpest decline mainly include changes is destruction of rangelands and convert it to other land uses. The highest increase was seen in the area of agricultural land use. Rangeland degradation process can be alarming for managers and urban planners and natural resources. To prevent the decline of rangeland degradation, the need to provide appropriate and efficient management solutions in the fields of grazing and rangeland restoration and improvement programs.

In order to investigate the mechanisms governing the occurrence of days with dust weather in Tabriz weather station in the current weather data from 1990 to 2102 were used. Continuing to identify circulation patterns in middle levels, 8 × 282 matrix was formed, and were selected the days that had continuing for more than 24 hours as, days with dust particles. Then, to identify the causes and types of dust storms prevailing in the event of data extraction and analysis in heights of 500 hPa and were made on which they factor and cluster analysis for every day. To better understand the atmospheric structure-regional meteorological patterns of different levels of pressure data derived from the National Center for environmental predictions / Atmospheric Research (NCEP / NCAR), and for tracking airborne particles of dust Lagrangian model HYSPILIT at the end of the transitional View MODIS images were used in each pattern visible band. The results showed that at the time of the incident ten days of dust in middle levels with a total of 93% of the total variance diffraction data were active had explained that the first factor of 62. 5 percent. It turned out that three types of daily occurrence of this phenomenon has been the rule in the region, the first type: cut the Black Sea and East Mediterranean in the south, low pressure, second type: Deep trough from the Arctic to the Middle East and West: Third type a short wave Syria and Iraq have been deployed in the West.

Development of urban construction and ever-increasing growth of population lead to land use changes especially in agricultural lands which play an important role in providing human food. According to this issue, a proper land use planning is required to protecting and preserving the valuable agricultural lands and environment, in today’ s world. One of the ways that can be useful to planning is simulation and prediction of land use change according to effective parameters in changes of the land use over the time. In this study, changes in land use of Bojnourd city (The capital city of North Khorasan province), were considered and studied. In this regard, the CA-Markov model was used. The land use maps of two different periods of time were used to calibrate the models and for validate the model, the “ Validate” method (which is a statistical method to validate models). Examination of the output maps which are obtained by CA-Markov model, shows that the most growth in land use is in the built up areas. In 1400, the built up areas would grow 5. 3% compared to 1388 and in subsequent periods the growth rate would be 3. 5% on average.

Introduction: Natural environments are necessary for rural settlements. Conditions of some rural areas are more stable than others. Research on the role of geo distribution characteristics of rural areas is not performed. Therefore, in this paper we study role of geomorphology factors on distribution of rural points. Human societies have always been on the ground in order to achieve maximum natural resources such as water resources, flora and access to arable land. Natural substrates necessary conditions for the establishment of rural settlements virgin, but some of the others create stable conditions addressing. These platforms include: slope, altitude, geological structure, water resources, and soil and land capability. This effort is based on the principles of science that today to interpretation unknown location. Matherials & Methods: In this study, we examined Kermanshah province with an area of 24622 square kilometers of the province, approximately 5. 1% of the total area is dedicated to Iran. In the first step, according to the equation core density was achieved with an accuracy of 200 × 200 meters. Then studies the characteristics and parameters little geo province such as the homogeneity index, topographic wetness index (TWI), elevation, slope, slope, drainage density, stream density, temperature, distance from the Alras Ha, current density index, the index topographic position (TPI), ground roughness ratio (SRR) and mixed topographic index (CTI) was calculated. To determine the measured results Pearson correlation and linear regression between geo-parametric data with the density values villages and nonparametric regression was used for nonparametric geo other factors. The type of model villages for any of the factors mentioned by Moran autocorrelation indices were determined. Discussion of Results: The results showed that the highest density rural areas located in the western slope and in terms of morphometric land in rural areas is based settlement flat. In the arrangement and distribution pattern in the rural areas of Kermanshah Province, respectively, the density of drainage, elevation, drainage density, heterogeneous, slope, distance from the ridge, TPI, SRR, TWI and effective CTI is effectiveness. By studying the relationship, negative relationship factors, slope, elevation, topography, heterogeneous and positive relationship status drainage density, stream density, temperature, distance from the ridge, TWI and CTI settlement density in rural areas significantly affected. Conclusion: In all environments that provide access to more permanent sources of surface water, lower altitude, slow slopes, away from the crest of the ridge, to refrain from the watercourse and wetlands, establishment and smooth in large areas, mainly in the Western sense reasons for choosing settlements Kermanshah province is rural. These selections are statistically not only event but perfectly expressed in such lodgments order as well.

Involvement and participation of local NGOs in the implementation and realization of good governance is considered one of the levers to achieve local development and to achieve this important work always had been used of different rules and tools. Today, the rural Dispute resolution councils play important role as profound and widespread evolution in the national judicial system, in the context of resolving local disputes, as well as the reduction of peoples haunts to juridical forums. This study aims to measure people's satisfaction based on their performance, features and functions of this institution in rural areas in 3 dimensions (including: organizational, functional, functional) and 14 indicators (including: the size of the bureaucracy, the extent of the jurisdiction, the selection of members, honoring to clients, the quality of law enforcement, discipline at work, accelerating the work done, the results in the resolution of disputes, economical benefit, the efforts for peace and reconciliation and the development of local solidarity, security, justice, privacy, reduce travel), examined the activities of the dispute resolution Council. Sample statistical community of this research contain 10 rural point of Radekan dehestans and 186 hoseholdes that atleast one time in theire life had refer to Dispute resolution councils, selected as sample cases by using of Cochran formula. Friedman test results indicate that operational dimensions indexes with the most mean was desirable dimension from the rural attitude and functional and organizational aspects have been next in rank. Finally, result of Entropy methods for calculating the weight show that economical indicators of rural Dispute resolution councils assessment had upest weight and quality indicators index for law enforcement and justice had the least weight in assessing the people satisfaction.

Space has been involved mind thinkers and scientists from post time until now in the civilization of main the world. Heidegger believes that “ reality is spatial and cannot consider separately human and spatial” . Discussion starts form where that space and local of live sustainable must is goal of every development. Debates refer on the sustainable development roots to in 1950s. Frist serious and base was raised discussion in sustainable 1957 Stockholm conference on the environment protection. Before form 1970s Schumacher used sustainable to concept economic structures, renewable, resources, products and services. As for to is considered attractive in given the importance of sustainable development in the urban contemporary must not separate from development goals, debate sustainable is consideration an important dimension of development. Following have been the rapid changes by develop of the last century caused to seek rapid growth of urbanization disintegration hierarchy between urban and inter-urban that create in human communities broad inequalities, social, economic as well as environment damage. In this research is studied that Tabriz city from spatial structure and stability that much data gathered from filed survey, statistics, agencies, offices and the statistical center of Iran and… … . . In many aspects of analyzed environment, economic, social and physical. The results in this survey that to application fuzzy Topsis technique has been investigation in the area 6 and 3 respectively 0. 49 and 0. 45 preferences points higher levels sustainability of the criteria. The regional 10 and 8 have shown respectively to 0. 19 and 0. 23 at the in bottom these preferences. City analyzed show that situation perspective from view point stable and uneatable residential environment in the city regional too fault of northern city is one of the most important factors the difference. The next step there are steep and very steep in some of terrain in this city that is not suitable in human residential as well as congestion, crowded, noisy, congestion traffic, marginal, and worn textures are from factors of min this different in areas of the city and results this research.

At present, the question of identification, control, and prevention of human, economic, and social losses resulting from natural events such as earth tremors, floods, and earthquakes have attracted special interest in scientific-research communities and in responsible authorities of most countries around the world. In recent decades, considering the upward trend in losses and damages caused by natural events (especially landslides), prediction of damages and losses and introduction of solutions and methods for controlling and avoiding them have been addressed in earnest. This research evaluated the region around the Benaravan fault using logistic regression (logit regression or logit model) to determine regions that face slope instability hazard. Field surveys were made, previous research was reviewed, and the prevailing conditions in the region was studied first and, using the Idrisi software, it was found that the nine factors of altitude class, slope, dip direction, lithology, distance from the fault, distance from the waterway, distance from the road, land use, and vegetation influenced occurrence of slope instability. After performing slope instability hazard zonation, percentages of slope instability in each class were calculated. Results indicated that areas with high hazard zonation in the study region constituted the smallest part of it. In this research, which used logistic regression, the elevation factor with the highest coefficient was the best variable for predicting the occurrence probability of slope instability in the region. The highest incidence of slope instability occurred at high altitudes with slopes of 23-32 degrees because of gravity force.

Abstract Detecting land use, land cover changes and recognizing effective factors is necessary to prevent land use changes and better management. The aim of this study was detecting changes of Arasbaran forest cover in two periods of 12 years, modeling and predicting forest cover destruction in this region. At first, the multi temporal Landsat 5 images in 1990, ETM+ Landsat 7 in 2002 and OLI Landsat 8 in 2014 were provided and were classified in two categories including high dense forest, low dense forest. Forest changes were detected in three periods, 1990-2002, 2002-2014, and 1990-2014, also changes in forest cover were estimated in different classes of variables influencing changes. Forest area changes in the study period were modeled by logistic regression models and Geomod. In order to compare the performance of these two models in predicting land uses status by preparing maps in 2014 and validating by real map of that year. Results showed that in the period of 24 years, 992 and 1592 hectares of high and low dense forests were degraded during 1990-2014, respectively. The results of decreasing forest cover modeling showed that variables such as distances from roads and residential, elevation and slope has a direct relation with forest degradation. However, there is an inverse relation between forest degradation and distance from forest variables. The validation result of forest cover maps which is predicted in 2014 show total accuracy and kappa coefficient is 96. 8 and 0. 9342, for logistic regression map and 96. 4 and 0. 9269 for Geomod map respectively. These results indicated that model had a good performance in predicting of land use changes. Finally, using the logistic regression and Geomod, forest cover changes predicted for 2025. The result of predicting showed that the forest cover will degradeted 3. 9% in the next 10 years.

One of the important features of urbanization in Iran is the rapid expansion of the cities. This expansion depends on geographic and environmental conditions. Topography and geomorph ology Landforms in locating, developing, physical development and morphology of cities have a significant impact. The aim of this study is to identify natural restrictions (geomorphology) and propos eappropriate place to determine the physical development of Kho rr amabad Lorestan Province Neotectonic index stressed. To do this geomorphological evidences such as height and tilt of the city, also Neotectonic indexes such as SL, S, SMF and Fd are used. To extract and analyze data from topographic maps, geological, digital elevation model (DEM) and the Arc GIS 10. 5, Global Mapper 18 software for calculation, cutting and, production of new maps have been used. Based on the results of S in the range of 1/22 and the SL for a total of Khorramabad River within the city limits 151/6 are obtained. The average index Smf for the northern and southern mountain Khorramabad city 0. 988 and The average index FD for the northern and southern mountain city is 0. 302. IAT indexis used to assess these index and based on the results of this index in the range of extreme activities Nontectonic Khormamabad in class.

Estimation of plant water requirement is one of the most important needs of the agricultural activity which can play an important role in the proper use of water resources. The first step for calculating of plant water requirement is the estimation of reference Evapotranspiration. According to this fact that the estimation of potential evapotranspiration needs lots of meteorological parameters, the aim of this research is to obtain a simple equation for estimating of evapotranspiration, using principal component analysis in Ardabil and Tabriz. For this aim parameters including temperature (maximum, mean and minimum), relative humidity, sunshine hours, precipitation and the wind speed in daily scale for a period of 1962-2016 for Tabriz and 1992-2015 for Ardebil is used. The results of principal component analysis reduce these parameters to two and three components (PC) for Tabriz and Ardebil respectively. These PC explain the 78% of parameter’ s variance in Tabriz and 83% in Ardebil, respectively. By using of these components, new equations are obtained for calculate the potential evapotranspiration. The results of evapotranspiration modeling show that the coefficient of determination between daily reference evapotranspiration and principal components (PC) for calibration and verification periods are 0. 53 and 0. 69 for Tabriz and 071 and 0. 73 for Ardebil, respectively. Also, the Nash coefficients for Tabriz are 0. 61 and 0. 61 and for Ardebil are 071 and 0. 73 which showing the appropriate performance of models. The results also show that the evapotranspiration in Tabriz is highly affected by temperature parameter, relative humidity and sunshine hours and in Ardebil is only affected by temperature.

Groundwater is vulnerable to contamination by anthropological activities. The nitrate pollution of groundwater caused by agricultural activity and a substantial increase in fertilizer utilization are also becoming an increasing problem. Groundwater vulnerability mapping is an important key to improving planning and decision-making processes in order to prevent groundwater contamination Recognizing and zoning the vulnerable parts of the aquifer is an appropriate management tool for preventing groundwater pollution. In this study, Loor basin in Andimeshk located in the north west of Khuzestan province was selected as the study area. The main objective of this study is to assess the vulnerability of Loor basin aquifer to pollution using GODS model. The GODS model uses four parameters (groundwater confinement, overlying strata, depth of groundwater, and soil media) to evaluate aquifer vulnerability. At first, the layers of four parameters were prepared in GIS environment using ArcGIS 10. In the end, the vulnerability map of the region was produced with overlaying hydrogeological data. Verification of vulnerability assessments can be done in many different ways. The most common approach, particularly for verification of assessments done with overlay and index methods, is to compare the vulnerability map with the actual occurrence of some common pollutant in groundwater. Typical pollutants used are nitrate and pesticides. For validation GODS model in this study, nitrate concentration was selected as the primary contamination parameter. Forty six wells were selected for sampling and analysis. The accuracy of model was evaluated using observations values of nitrate and estimated vulnerability to pollution in the measured wells.

Importance of location factors substantially change the climatic phenomena and developments can be enjoyed. Influence of these factors can be strengthened, diluting and determine how the distribution of climatic processes be flashed as a result recognizing the role and relationships of these factors can lead to the understanding of the spatial patterns of climatic variables and the improvement of environmental planning. Accordingly, in the present study using monthly rainfall data of the synoptic station 121, climatology and rain Northwest of Iran in the period of assessment 1987 until 2014, and the use of the data, elevation, latitude, tilt and direction of tilt was trying features and relationships in spatial distribution and location factors of rainfall changes about the analysis. Therefore, the purpose of the center of the circle, half the average of the standard geographic change and even regression (GWR) was used. The results of the investigation showed that during the month of October due to the low amount of variance in the Western region, winds, rainfall, low spatial and spatial factors play an important role in the changes of precipitation. In November, while strengthening the system of precipitation in the region, the role of spatial factors in changes to rainfall reaches its peak in December, but due to the power systems of the proper moisture and nourishing rainfall, of the role of regional rainfall eased on location factors and changes in precipitation are more associated with atmospheric agents.

This study is aimed at identifying of depopulated rural settlements over a quarter century since 1365 (1986) by 1390 (2011) in Isfahan province and representing a geographically interpretation of the phenomena, using statistical methods and spatial analysis in the geographic information system environment. To do this, at first, layers of the spatial distribution of settled villages of 1365 and identified depopulated ones over the two and a half decades period of the study have based on the detailed reports of public censuses’ results of Iran statistical center identified and prepared in ArcGIS environment. Afterwards, the rural settlements exodus analyzed based on the prepared, corrected and classified natural parameter layers of altitude, slope, aspect, temperature, land types and distance from wells and springs, spatially. Definition and calculation of two spatio-statistical indicatorsdad been the basis of analysis; “ the settled villages density at the beginning year of 1365” and “ relative percent of depopulated villages over the study period with respect to the total beginning settled ones” . The indicators calculated for each of the layers’ zones using the “ zonal mean statistic” function from the spatial analyst tool of ArcGIS and analyzed statistically by correlation and Chi-Square tests. Results revealed that there is a significant relationship between exoduses and natural factors of slope, land types, altitude and distance from wells respectively. While that was not true for aspect parameter. The influence knowhow of natural factors on rural exodus, helps the landuse planning projects to more consider them and ensure the more stability of rural settlements agains the more exodus in the future.

Introduction: In recent years, using remote sensing technology and variety of satellite images as one of the main sources of information have evaluated to monitor the optimal utilization of resources, soil pollution, water pollution and land. Remote sensing application technology (satellite image data) in different domains has led to its application in areas such as oil and gas. The soil pollution is a form of pollution due to human activity in which huge amount of crude oil is leak aged or released into the field and soil. The recovery and cleaning process is very difficult and take more times. Some oil spills may take even years to clean up. This process depends upon various factors such as the type of oil spilled, soil and environmental factors. Several oil spills occurred at oil platforms in Marun oil field, Ahvaz. The oil spills were subsequently imaged by different types of satellite sensors, The object of paper is identify oil pollution in soil using satellite imagery for identify oil pollution in soils and find source of pollution in the Marun oil filed Khuzastan, south of Iran. Material and methods: The study area is an oil field, located in the Khuzestan province of Iran and is the second-largest oil field in Iran. Marun oil field is situated in the southwest of Iran in the south of North Dezful Embayment between Kupal, Aghajari, Ramin, Shadegan and Ramshir oil fields. This field consists of Asmari and Bangestan reservoirs producing oil and Khami reservoir comprising mainly gas. This field is an asymmetric anticline with NW-SE trend. The dimensions of Marun oil field at the Asmari oil reservoir horizon are 67 and 7 kilometers in length and width, respectively. The GPS data were collected in the WGS-84 (World Geodatic Systems-84) datum in the latitude/longitude system and were subsequently transformed into the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 39-North system. The GCP coordinates within the UTM projection were then integrated with the satellite images using the software for georeferencing. The satellite images were enhanced using an image processing software package (Envi 5. 0) to facilitate the pre-processing and processing of the study area. High precision, were used to capture data at several identifiable points on the images to be used as ground control points (GCPs). Results & Discussion: This paper aims to identify oil pollution in soil using SPOT5 satellite imagery. In this study, SPOT5 satellite images are used with supervised classification methods that created two color threshold, Low to High of petroleum products in the study area. In the study area the high threshold have the most pollution. Grounds point control are used for accuracy and validation of results, five point with certain color threshold, for identification polluted soils. In the study area, results of statistical analysis show that metal concentrations Ni and Co elements compared with World Shale Standard are contaminated with high amount and average concentrations of all three metals Ni, Co and V compared with non-contaminated soil standard are also polluted with high range. Soil salinity factor in the study area is plotted at saline range according of saline soils classification. According to statistical results, high correlation between pH, Oil / Grease, V and EC are showed that Vanadium is characteristic of oil pollution, also the salinity and pollution oil / grease in soil due to crude oil been created. The correlation between Ni and Co elements, indicates that the source of them are same and due to the geological factors. Principal component analysis show that first factor is most effective factor in the contamination of soil which has a high correlation with pH, Oil / Grease, V and the EC which can dominated the same source of these parameters with crude oil. The second factor is shown high correlation between Co and Ni have same source that due to material of soil in the study area.