GEOGRAPHIC SPACE
Year:2016 | Volume:16 | Issue:53|Papers Count:15

Introduction: The issue of city planning has been known as the most challenging field and activitis for policymakers and city officials due to the cities' numerous constanly changing problems and complecities in the era of globalization. Therefore, having a dynamic, collaborative and felixible approaches can envisage an efficient planning and management for the cities. Considering the fact that city planning system in our country follows centralized, comprehensive and "up-down" procedures, it is essential to have a collaborative, flexible and "bottom-up" approach in order to encounter the urban problems and complexities in a continuous, efficient and process-based manner. Accordingly, based on the specified criteria of John Friedman's non-Euclidean planning theory and its theoretical framework, which is known as collaborative and decentralized approach in urban planning process, it can be useful to apply it in urban planning of our country.

Introduction: The main source of income of rural households in developing countries comes from agriculture and this sector has an important role in providing food security villages and cities; However, the agricultural sector alone cannot create sufficient job opportunities for the rural population is increasing and it is necessary that activities other crops such as rural tourism, industry and services is completed. Accordingly, the highly motivated rural development policy for the balanced development of non- agricultural activities and rural tourism headed by removing barriers to its development to achieve sustainable development has been created.

Introduction: Karst or solution landforms are of great importance from different aspects. These landforms are in almost all geographic areas and have a great variety. The development of karst terrain depends on several factors such as: lithology, topography, climate, hydrology, vegetation, structure and time. Alborz mountains is one of the big areas of karst in north of Iran. Karstification in northern and southern slopes of the Alborz are different. Dorfak Mountain, a part of the western Alborz Mountains, situated in coordinates 53o3’ north latitude and 42 o 49’ east longitude, in the southern part of Guilan province. Dorfak is the most important part of western Alborz Mountain which has not onlv immense environmental values but is a subject of interest for geomorphologists for its karstic landforms. This paper aims at describing Dorfak's physical geography and geology and to investigate its karstic landforms on the basis of such a description emanated from field-work studies.

Introduction: Nowadays Physical and unplanned expansion of cities, especially in developing countries as one of the problems and challenges facing governments and planners are raised. This growth is the result of economic growth, rural-urban migration problems and risks with environmental, economic and social changes have brought about. The loss of green spaces, gardens and agricultural lands, rapid changes in land uses, pollution of air, soil and water resources, pressure on ecosystems and the environment, including the most obvious and most important problems of growth and physical development of cities. Growth and development of not only damage the surrounding areas, but also disqualifies the city from its symmetrical shape. Conflict between residents in the amount of land cultivated areas around the city and residents of urban areas of obvious result of this problem.

Introduction: One of the critical stages in the management of rivers, is flood zoning. One of the newest methods to delineate flood mapping, was done by geographic information system and combining it with hydraulic models. Zoning maps of the flood could be used to determine the buffer of the bed and rivers, economic feasibility study of development plans, forecasting and flood warning, rescue operations and flood insurance. HEC-RAS software can be used for routing of rivers respectively. This application will enable users to perform hydraulic calculations or simulating river flow in steady and unsteady conditions.

Introduction: One of the important results of modern urbanization, the emergence and spread of vulnerable neighborhoods in the text or margins of towns. Usually residents of these units considered the informal residents who live in cities but the reasons have not been able to absorb of the economic-social systems and a citizen and enjoy the facilities and utilities. The lack of logic dealing with the reality of achieving sustainable urban development poses a major challenge. By reducing the general level of people's lives, especially in urban communities during the past two decades by the UN's approach to urban sustainability was introduced. The task of sustainable development, reduction of unemployment, poverty and the dysfunction. Excessive expansion of Mahabad with severe immigration, demographic and physical changes have been inappropriate.

Introduction: The reduction of river flows can be related to several natural and human factors. The reduction of entrance discharge to Urmia lake has significant rate on the reduction of the lake water level. The purpose of this research at the first step is to investigate the effect of climatic parameters such as precipitation and temperature and at the second step, to investigate the effect of human factors on the reduction of river flow of basins Sufichay and Mrdqchay located in the southeast of Urmia Lake. Matherials and Methods Climate and hydrological change trend were evaluated by Mann- Kendall classic and Modified methods.

Introduction: Housing is considered as one of the smallest parts of the settlements. It can be a simple windward, an alcove or a simple cottage. Housing is initiated into human needs and can be considered as one of the geographical phenomena of a region (Bashiri et al., 2000: 2). In other words, housing is a capital goods and a social value, which can decrease social hurts and make sustainability of a society (Dix, 1985, 1- 10). Therefore, changing of building pattern and structure of housings is affected by international issues and phenomena, changing in customs and life styles of the residents.

Introduction: In the third world countries, the phenomenon of rural-urban migration has become a social problem. Structural weakness in the villages to the town's attractions and glamor makes the villagers to get rid of their home to go to the cities. Lack of facilities in rural areas has caused young people to achieve a decent job with stable income and business development opportunities to go to the cities and the key to success is to search somewhere other than their home village. Following this, there have been fundamental changes in the age and sex structure of villages. Aging rural population in Ahar township has, caused rural-urban migration of youth. Undoubtedly, the consequences of such actions for the origin and destination risks leads to.

Introduction: Climate is a complex system which is changing mainly due to the increase in greenhouse gases. Climate change is slowly expanding across the globe and its impact can be seen on water, agriculture resources and climate parameters in regional scale (Babaian et al., 2009: 136). Climate change is one of the characteristics of the natural cycle of the atmosphere, which is caused by abnormalities and/ or fluctuations in the process of meteorological parameters such as rainfall and temperature. Temperature as important climate variable, causes the most common environmental changes.

Introduction: Knowledge of past climate for forecasting and planning for future needs long-term and accurate climate data. Researchers have found that over certain protests caused by the climatic factors, the nature of past climate can be realized (Kaviani and Alijani, 1998, p.388). One of such sources is biological evidence. By studying the physical parameters of the tree, climate change during the life of the tree can be reconstructed (Ioder et al. 2007, Ch.3). Pan et al. (1997) found that a variety of oak species has the value dendroclimatoligical analysis.

Introduction: Geographical factors directly create some weather phenomena or indirectly are effective on increasing or decreasing of atmospheric features intensity. One of these geographic factors consists of lakes or small to medium closed water bodies within the continent areas which have various effects on atmospheric conditions of their surrounding areas and have been historically known. Lake effect on climate covers micro to synoptic scale and varies with extent, depth and shape of the lake, speed and direction of winds, winter ice cover and global climate conditions facing the lake. One of the phenomena caused by the lake is the lake snow effect phenomenon.

Introduction: In recent years, the irregular and rapid expansion of urban areas with the congestion and excessive of people concentration in the Iranian metropolitan areas has faced the continuation of urban life healthy with the serious risks and challenges in the different aspects. By using this approach, with over of time the cities don't have ability to provide the essential services to their citizens in the spatial and geographical framework and they have to seek the optimal spatial development with an emphasis on the concepts of smart urban growth as a remedy to end the non- development planning of cities. In order to, there were taken different strategies for urban development in the around of the world from 1930- 2016. On the other hand, knowledge about land use ratios in an urban environment and how its changes overtime is one of the main considered issues in the modeling and urban planning. In the meantime, it can be made the anticipate of future changes and take suitable strategies with knowledge about the land use changes in the overtime.

Introduction: Bathymetry of water is carried out to determine the bed substance, bed morphology, utility of aquatic habitats and other environmental studies. The accurate map of depth is generated based on the ground considerations. Due to problems in the Zarivar international wetland including annual arrival of large quantities of sediment and possibility of depth decrease in the years ahead, using of remote sensing for continuous monitoring of water depth seems necessary and essential.

Introduction: It is certain that in the past the public skeleton and structure of the city was based on the scale of human and activity, movement and service unit. On this basis, some kind of natural hierarchy and harmony had been developed between the structural and social organization of the city and the foundation of social physical organization of the old cities was based on neighborhood system and the hierarchy of its division which organized both the social and economic relationship of the city and the service, communicative and official relationship of the city. Therefore in the old cities, how to use the land and how to divide and distribute the diverse applications were a function of neighborhood system and functional hierarchy of the cities.