GEOGRAPHIC SPACE
Year:2012 | Volume:11 | Issue:36|Papers Count:15

The events and natural happenings like earthquakes, Flood, Slope unstability, during human life have affected the people in Halaku plain in Marand. They have caused a lot of human casualties. Principally all the natural areas on earth are not suitable for accommodation. Most of the villages are exposed to serious threats, such as different natural and geomorphological factors. Topographic conditions as physical factor in the development of villages have obvious difference considering slope, lit ology, geological structures, slope morphology, climatological elements and green coverage. In this analysis field studies have been the basis, and the aim was to reveal the geomorphologic limitations villags. A number of villages are located in harsh mountains and some others in the slopes and in the plains. Environmental and geomorphological hazards including endogenic and exogenic are studied the area is of dangerous factor and considering tectonical Activities especially earthquake exogenic hazards, unstability of slopes and flood is threatening the villages. The most critical and the most threatening situation is the villages located in high mountainous areas such as harzand Atiq.

Traditional approach in course of fire crisis management believed that crisis management meant the fire quench and the manager of crisis expected to destroy everything and after the destruction of everything tried to restrict the loss resulted from the destroy. But recently this approach is changing. Based on recent meaning, in order to encounter evolution, a set of plans and practiced programs should be set within the organization for dealing with possible future developments and managers should be prepared to encounter unexpected events. One of these plans and practiced programs is education and citizen partnership in different programs of urban security. This plan, with regard to evaluation of activities samples in developed countries, is low cost and very effective. This study, using descriptive and analytical approach, knows education and citizen partnership in urban security plans as one of the most important ways of fire preventing. Considering the fact that this case is the least important one in decision making in Iran and it results in the infirmity of security culture between Iranian citizens, this study deals with the role of education and partnership in preventing probable fire and mention some activities done in terms of education and partnership in several developed countries and represents some suggestions for increasing the level of education and citizen partnership.

Among the primary needs of human being, settlement is the second prestigious needs of him, after clothing. If development is considered as dependent to provision and increase of the rational self- respect, the quality and continuity of accessing of people to house can be determined as a basis for development which itself leads to a more and better access. In this study, we have tried to estimate the index of housing welfare degrees of family for rural areas in different provinces of the country in 1382, as, this index is considered as one of the major indices of social welfare. The methodological techniques used in this study are Factor analysis and one-way analysis of variance. In this calculation the qualitative and quantitative housing indexes have been explored, and scores for the rural areas of the province have been gained. Mazandaran and Ilam, Esfahan, Ghaharmahal and Bakhtiyari were in the best condition and Sistan va Baluchestan, Zanjan, Kermanshah and Kerman were in the worst, in terms of index of housing welfare degrees of family.

Oil and gas are among important factors affecting national security in countries producing or consuming energy. Since discovery of oil in Iran, this raw material has played a significant role in the country s policy, economy, and in general, in national security. With the transition from geostrategic to geo-economic discourse in the recent decades, oil has gained more importance in comparison to other factors, through improving the role of economy in global interactions which led to the introduction of oil as the essence of modern industry. Iran is regarded as a country of global importance for production and consumption of energy. On one hand, maintaining 56 percent of global oil reserves at Persian Gulf as well as 10. 39 percent at Caspian Sea, the country is centered at the oval of energy required for global economy and industry to continue their lives; on the other hand, Iran has located at the heart of three major gas zones in the world, namely Persian Gulf, West Siberia, and mid-Asia maintaining together 70. 2 percent of gas global resources. In addition, Iran holds the second position in global ranking both in gas resources (owning 15/8 percent of global gas resources) and oil reserves (oening 10. 3 percent of global gas resources). Regarding energy consumption, Iran links two major energy consumption markets: India and China at east and Europe at its west. These features have increased the importance of security for Iran and its surrounding areas in international system. Therefore, it seems that in the era of geo-economic discourses, Iran should employ its energy diplomacy and adapt interactional approaches, instead of oppositional ones, to create opportunities for interactions with international system and to improve its national security.

Housing indicators might be the most important and fundamental factor in housing planning. Consideration of housing social indicators in one of the approaches to understanding housing characteristics, with which we can discover the effective parameters in the housing issue and facilitate any decision making in housing planning. The aim this article is the study of housing position in quantitative and qualitative forms of social indicators of the township of Ahvaz. The methodology in this article is a combination of descriptive analysis and case study. The consideration and comparison was made about the housing social indicators in the township of Ahvaz and the results show that this township, has been exhibiting a developing trend in terms of social indicators since the years 1996-2006. In one hand housing planners should recognize the importance of social indicators in improving the citizen's housing quality and on the other hand, they should deal with the housing problem in connection with all the factors related to social indicators, whether quantitative or qualitative. Hence, it lays upon the housing planners and authoritives to consider the social indicators which are influential in housing development plan with regard to a comprehensive and overall view and more serious attention.

Urban growth is globally important phenomenon which is affected by environmental, humane, economic and political factors. Optimal provision of urban facilities to citizens is essential action for urban planners and managers. The various classic and modern approaches are used to get this aim. But using quantity methods in location of urban facilities has been increased since 1970. In this research, AHP method was applied, because it has more capabilities than the others. In point of view in the location trend, for factors choosing the quantification evaluation was not available. As a result distinguishing weigh's and the evaluation of it is difficult. Therefore, we used AHP method which is multi-criteria mathematical method that helps us in quality and quantity review. The aim of doing this research is applying AHP method in locations and urban planning problems and introducing new approach with GIS and applying in locations of clinics in Mahabad city. Spatial distribution analysis was used in clinical centers aiming at studying and assessing weakness points in setting of therapeutic land uses according to mentioned criteria. For achieving these aims the software such as arcgis, Matlab and documental methods have been used.

This article defines the conceptual model and specifies effective regulations in locating specific schools and related information with each of those schools and their preparation. Then the map data and descriptive information have been compiled in ArcGIS software. In the next step, the existing information was analyzed and evaluated through ArcGIS software. Using Boolean and Fuzzy logic, primary schools were analyzed and the schools which were located against the criteria of locating or are in incompatible user privacy were recognized. The results from analysis show that practical recommendations for improving primary schools in these two regions have been provided.

In recent decades have been formed new schools and paradigms in the area of urban literature, some of which affected deeply the environment and urban spaces. The City Development Strategy (CDS) can be regarded as one of the most imperative of all. The introduction of CDS stems up from the official formation of City Alliance organization in 1999. However, its official documentaries were published in 2004 in a collaborative effort with "World Bank" and "Human Settlement Center" linking to the HABITAT of UN. This approach has been a focus of attention in Iran during the recent years. There has not only been more attention on CDS approach as one of the newest and most efficient urban paradigms, but on the other hand, many managers, policy makers and urban planners in various countries try to expand this idea questioning how and which mechanisms to use in order to make the CDS successful in spatial ordering of the cities, making positive changes in daily life of the citizens, and finally the reducing poverty. As the spatio-social forms of the current cities are the results of industrial revolution, therefore, they contain characteristics that require physical-social order, and also spatial pattern. In the meantime, the cities in developing world, including Iran challenge more difficult conditions, because the main approach in management and urban planning of Iran relies on Master Plan, derived from traditional planning (classic view) and emphasizing on development, patterns, and physical ordering of the cities, and through which the social dimensions of the city are thrown to the sidelines of urban planning. The preparation and implementation of city comprehensive plans in Iran's urban planning system aims at making the milieu for balanced and harmonic physical growth of the city. However, it practically spends high rates of cost and energy, and mainly does not result in efficient consequences, nor the goals are met. Of the reasons of the creation such trend is the lack of noticing and applying new methods and approaches adjustable to the city conditions in the realm of urban planning, the structural and strategic development of the cities are amongst them. The present article attempts to pay attention to the applications, roles, and the place of CDS in urban context and the process of compiling a Master Plan in Iran along with the review and analysis of urban policies in the country.

Geology and geomorphology have influenced society, civilization, and the cultural diversity of our planet. The influences in each community will be different based on the level of development. In the past, men had close relationships with their natural environment and in trying to identify and understand landscapes and processes. They have used myths, legends and stories. In fact, using names like Devil, Dragon and Chimney for, valleys, mountain and caves have seen in different parts of the planet and in different cultures. Moreover, men attempted to explain processes and forms based on their understanding of nature. In fact, the names used for non-living elements and processes, are in framework of geocultural contexts (cultural geology). Part of the folklore about geological phenomena and landforms, are related to religious beliefs and metaphysics. Some of these names use relative static structure (mountains), dynamic processes (travertine spring) and fossils. Sometimes this myths and stories give very valuable information about old earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, etc. and provide important data for for understanding the geological history, geomorphologic evolution trends and climate change. In this study, the geomythological values of three limestone springs in North West Iran (Takab, Zanjan and Qorveh cites) have been studied. Use of dragon name for Rocky Mountains revealed that in the past, in these areas have warm and cold springs existed some of which were probably Artesian. Such sites, especially in rural areas have important role in geotourist attraction.

Environmental over earth constitute of as a whole, well integral part basis of human life and conservation this issue necessarily is the for human health and life must be emphasis to Environmental protection synonyms with was humanity protection and major responsibility of states has a particular function. However states for applicable this function and regulating human relation with environment oblige laid down hard law (binding rules) in scope of environment protection. Therefore every state shall be attempt environment protection and prevention in destruction and pollution laid down rules recognized the name "environment laws". This subject of law science in relation scope of rules divided to: internal environment law-international environmental law international law of environment. However environment constitute a large of rang national sovereignty every state, therefore this rules have been imperative aspect and nobody even states haven't right of denial in rules.

Tighab catchment has located between Khash and Iranshahr Townships. In this survey after collecting long time temperature, discharge and precipitation statistics (22 years) for catchment, we carried the research in two parts. The first section has been allocated for evaluating different methods for estimation of annual discharge of catchment and the second one for evaluating flood-water and selecting the best and the most appropriate methodology to estimate its value. Different statistical tests have been done on the data to ensure data homogeneity and distribution of selected stations, Using Justin, Indian Committee Agriculture (ICAR), Institute Irrigation Investigation up state of Indian and Lisi methods, the height of annual run-off has been calculated and the best method for estimating annual discharge was selected. Therefore, among used methods, Justin method gave better results because of considering more climatic and non-climatic parameters and regional coefficients for estimation of annual discharge. It is thereby suggested to be used in the Tighab catchment. At the next step, the regional flood-water has been studied and after estimating flood-water discharge in station, and investigating of different methods of flood estimation and selecting the most mappropriate method at different return periods was also done. According to observed results, in order to obtain maximum floodwater momentary discharge, the SCS method shows more generality. In this study, since there is a serious limitation of ground water in Tighab region and so with the purpose of collecting and haltering surface and ground waters, the attempt was focused on estimating both the value of annual discharge and the sub-basin flood-water of the study region.

The process of immunization consists of various types of implementations that can be carried out for controlling and mitigation of property and life losses of floods before the event occurs. The attention should be paid to such methods due to the deficiency of physical methods and techniques. The research methodology of this paper is descriptive, and we have presented an applicable pattern for immunization of the city of Tehran aiming at the reduction of damages resulting from floods. Of the most important techniques of immunization we can mention the managerial and practical implementations.

The purpose of this paper is to study the impressionability of approach of Iran's metropolises regional and urban spatial organization based on changes in economic structures of new era, putting emphasis on the metropolis of Tabriz. Since it seems that in case of inconsistency in spatial structure of metropolises, which are the contributing factors to the growth of national economies and elevating the international and global status, they will face physical paradoxical problems despite their role and function corresponding to changes in modern-day structures of global economy, and will confront obstacles on the road to globalization through large cities. In this paper, basic principles for urban and regional spatial planning have been pored over. Besides, the necessity of paying heed to the status of metropolises benefiting from the theorization of the scholars of this field including Daniel Bell, Fritz Machlup, Alvin Toffler, Frank Webster, Yoneji Masuda, Simon Nora, Allen Mank, Marc Uri Porat, and Manuel Castells, who hold views germane to information society, and theoretical basics of development plans for the metropolis of Tabriz have been scrutinized by means of comparative analysis. Methodologically compiling and analyzing data has been in explanatory and secondary analysis fashion, which has developed survey branch and case study of the research job. Furthermore, in analyzing this paper the method of content and comparative analysis and the t-test have been inspired by. Principal findings of the paper are as follows: Traits of spatial organization of metropolises based on the requirements of information society and the usage of information paradigms in collecting patterns and documents of urban and regional development plans of the metropolis of Tabriz that have been provided from year 1368 until today.