GEOGRAPHIC SPACE
Year:2015 | Volume:15 | Issue:49|Papers Count:20

City parks are one of the most important urban land use and states of their distribution in city has high importance in city. District 3 of Mashhad municipal in terms of green space has no appropriate status so that green space per capita is 1.7 m2 which it is away from United Nations standards and also this district shows low proportion in comparison to Mashhad (with 9.8 m2 per capita) while the district under study which regard to population has one of the highest densities of Mashhad districts city parks in order to reduce shortage and deficiencies in this area. For this aim the lands of district should be valued based on criteria such as green land, distance from educational and cultural institution, and population density, access to city infrastructure and city arteries and distance from parks and green space. The use of fuzzy logic in the ArcGIS software needed to build it In each phase of the encapsulation layers after combining. The results of the combined land area of information for choosing suitable locations for green space showed priority. Finally, the prioritization of land with land use maps were evaluated, which was consistent with the existing user in the region.

Evapotranspiration is one of the important parameters in the hydrological cycle which has a direct impact on the amount of water available for agriculture. In this study, data obtained from average mean temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, minimum relative humidity, wind speed, and sunshine hours during a 57-year period (2008-1951) were used to estimate the potential evapotranspiration. Potential evapotranspiration values were calculated through introducing the geographical location, including altitude, latitude and longitude of Tabriz station and using nine reliable methods in REF-ET software. According to the obtained results, the best way to calculate this index in the study area was identified to be Blaney-Criddle method. Kendall's graphic test was also used in order to detect time changes of this index. The results indicated that despite the decline trend of this indicator until 1390s, the potential evapotranspiration has gradually increased over recent years. The maximum increase of evapotranspiration occurs in the middle of spring and autumn and monthly changes of the index show a significant increase for May and October. However, the potential evapotranspiration shows a non-significant trend despite its large fluctuations over summer months (July, August, and September).

The main purpose of this descriptive-correlative study was to identify and analyze the barriers to tourism development in Abyaneh village. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the heads of rural households in the village (N=160). According to the Morgan & Krejcie table, a sample size of 110 was selected using a simple randomized sampling technique (n=110). A questionnaire was used to collect the data. A panel of experts confirmed validity of the questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted to establish reliability of the questionnaire. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the scale of importance of barriers to tourism development in Abyaneh village" was equal to 0.87. Collected data were analyzed using SPSSWin18 software. The results of a factor analysis showed that five factors namely, infrastructural, supportive, motivational- cognitive, informative and social-cultural items explained 64.61 percent of total variances of barriers to tourism development in Abyaneh village, respectively. Considering the barriers, it is certain that lack of proper planning and management in solving the barriers, results in reducing rural tourist attractions and diminishing capacity and potential of tourism of the village in the long term and consequently losing tourism markets and the deprivation of local people of numerous benefits of tourism and ultimately making delay in the process of rural development. According to the results, following suggestions have presented in order to reduce barriers to tourism in Abyaneh village, creating the accommodation, health and welfare facilities and equipment at the village, developing a detailed master plan for tourism development with the participation of rural people and related organizations, holding the educational courses for villagers about the importance and benefits of tourism, recruiting and employing the trained personnel to provide guidance and consultation services to tourists and soon.

North West of Iran consists of environmental, plant, and animal biodiversity due to its topographic conditions which have been adapted to the present climatic conditions. Long-time fluctuations and changes in climatic elements of the area can result in harmful impacts in environment, agriculture, economy, and even human properties. On this basis we attempted in this paper to evaluate susceptible sections to wet years and droughts in the north west of Iran for the statistical period of 1986-2005 (20 years), by applying the data collected from 55 synoptic, climatic and rain gauging stations of the area. For so doing, we used SPI index in 12-month duration. For studying the wet years and droughts, we produced 240 maps containing all months of the study and applied Kriging interpolation method in Surfer software. Afterwards, were converted to data and the calculations on descriptive statistics including mean, standard circle and oval shapes were accomplished over 4236 cells in ArcView software. The monthly review of the wet and dry years during 240 months having various intensities shows. heterogeneity in intense drought occurrence and weak wet years from the normal distribution and the probability of weak wet year’s occurrence are higher in eastern and central parts while intense droughts might occur in the southern parts. The calculation of central inclination and spatial indexes also indicated that the probability of weak wet year occurrence is higher in northern sections and the possibility of severe drought occurrence is more in the southern sections of the study area. In the meantime, the probability of severe drought occurrence is more stable in terms of the location.

Remote sensing provides necessary and sufficient facilities to extract and update land use/land cover (LULC) maps for planners and managers. In this work, we presented a case study of LULC change as a consequence of human population and activities, in the Lighvan watershed, using multi temporal satellite images analysis. In order to perform the research, four images of Landsat satellite include MSS 1976, TM 1989, ETM+ 2000 and 2010 have been used. Supervised classification technique by using maximum likelihood method with the aid of ground truth data is carried out. Normalized difference vegetation Index (NDVI) and post classification comparison, were evaluated to detect environmental changes over the period from 1976 to 2010. NDVI results highlighted significant reduction of dense vegetation cover, over time. This reduction in vegetation cover density is mainly due to the increasing extent of urban areas, the building of roads, non managed rainfed farming, and the conversion of dense pastures to weak. Analysis of population trend changes in Lighvan and Sefideh Khan villages revealed that population changes is matched with the LULC changes and immigration of villagers between 1979 to 1986 has been played an important role in the LULC changes of study watershed.

In general regarding ever-increasing growth of population and the city development in Ahar, in allies and lanes, many old houses change to high-rise buildings regularly. The aim of this paper was to study the effects of high-rise buildings on Ahar city that violate city building regulations and comprehensive city plans. We used descriptive- analytical methods in order to achieve the goal of this paper. The statistical community of this research was established high-rise building neighborhoods. 50 families inhabited in these buildings were selected as our sample. For gathering data we used questionnaires and field studies. The data were analyzed by SPSS and to identify the correlation between variables, Kendall's tau-b and Pearson's tests were used. Results showed that despite the public view of constructions is city improvement, the reality is causing some city disorders. Some of these disorders are as follows: depriving citizens from mental comfort and family freedoms, among inhabitants of city districts, traffic jams in allies and streets because of high-rise building, disorders in civil services, and heterogeneous and unsuitable changes in city contexts.

In recent decades tourism is introduced as an instrument to achieve sustainable development and as a source of creating income and employment in rural areas; especially in villages that have experienced depopulation process. In this regard, second homes development in rural areas with beautiful natural landscapes, indicates a main trend in reconstructing rural-urban relations with the purpose of using rural spaces for leisure and entertainment along with tourists accommodation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of second homes tourism and its effects on economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions in target villages in Hesar e Valiasr County (Boein Zahra- Qazvin province). The research is applied and the used method is descriptive- analytical and for data collection we have used library and field methods (observation, interviews, and questionnaires); and for this reason 5 villages with tourism second homes in the county have been surveyed. For data analysis we used statistical tests such as one sample t-test and Multivariate linear regression. The results indicate that from the viewpoints of permanent residents there is a significant and positive relation between second homes tourism and economic, social and physical dimensions but in environmental dimension the relation is significant and negative. Also the result of regression analysis shows that second homes tourism had been effective 0.90 percent on permanent residents' satisfaction in studied villages; so that among four rural development indicators (social, economic, physical and environmental), we can see the most effect of tourism second homes development on physical and economic indicators.

The study of seismology in different geomorphologic zones to detect particular behavioral patterns in the region is the main goal of this research. So, geomorphic zones were separated and 30 years of data depth, magnitude and frequency of earthquakes were attributed in GIS for each geomorphic zone. Then the data were saved for each zone separately extensively and analyzed in SPSS and Minitab software and then compared. The results showed that among 9 morphologic zones, Zagros and the Caspian zones are the most irregular situation. The relative density of earthquakes is high in the Zagros, but the occurrence of earthquakes is less in this area than other zones. The biggest b values assigned to this area, but there was not a completely regular increasing trend towards the depths. Relative density of earthquakes in the Caspian is not high, but big earthquakes are more. A minimum value of b belonged to this zone and finally, b changes to the depth were chaotic. Other zones had some characteristics some of which can be placed into one of the two Zagros or Caspian zones, however they have a regular pattern in their b changes toward depths. Therefore the east, northeast and north zones are about similar to Caspian zone and south plain and northwest zones are similar to Zagros zone. Central of Iran and Makran zones show intermediate characteristics.

Accelerated urbanization process, mainly in developing countries, has been distributed as spatial system of urban settlements in many cases whose main consequences are the occurrence of instability conditions in urban networks. This research has been done by a descriptive-analytical method to study the hierarchy and transformation of urban system and their population distribution. In this regards, cities in Ardebil have been analyzed based on general population and housing censuses period of 1986 to 2006 by using the rank-size and regulation rank-size models. The results indicate that spatial patterns of urban settlement follows a random pattern whereby in recent decades the tendency of urban population centers and classes are rising toward chaos. The spatial and functional dominance of Ardebil, the first city of province, has caused the urban hierarchy not to follow the rank-size model. Hence this discrepancy and spatial inequality in hierarchical system is clearly recognizable. On the other hand, in the recent decade (2000s), the population imbalance distribution has been more enhanced comparing to the past. The optimal spatial pattern in the Province would be obtained by the policy of non-centralization on one hand and accessing suitable services and appropriate balance between economical and physical opportunities for medium and small cities on the other hand which have been the objectives of this research.

Ecotourism has long been recognized as one of the most attractive forms of tourism, and due to its significantly less dependency on investment compared to other forms of tourism, it has attracted attention of many experts and managers. Considering the importance of ecotourism in Iran's Kermanshah province due to its natural potentials and continental variety and compatibility of this type of tourism with the sustainable development concept, therefore due to the environmental conditions of its regions, and on the other hand, necessity of strategic planning in this field, the main aim of this study is to formulate developmental strategies for the ecosystem of the Kermansha province using the SWOT model and the Evidential Reasoning (ER) Approach. The SWOT method was used to extract possible strategies considering internal and external factors, and the Evidential Reasoning (ER) Approach was employed to prioritize and select superior strategies considering lack of access to adequate information. Finally, two strategies assigning management and exploitation of recognized ecotourism locations to the private sector and planning to create combined ecotourism tours with other prioritized areas of tourism in the province were chosen as priority strategies for developing ecotourism in the province.

In terms of purpose, this study is of applied type of research and in terms of nature is of descriptive- field type. A model is designed to understand the effective factors in development of tourism including welfare, cultural and social, natural and environmental facilities and services, and has been tested through structural equation model and AMOS software. For testing the research hypotheses a sample of 150 persons taken from tourists and people has been used and reliability of the questionnaire was been in general 0.865. Analysis of the findings of this research has been done in two parts.in the first part descriptive findings of the research is examined, and in the second part normality of data is examined by Colmogrov Smirnov test; and results show that higher meaningfulness for the total data. So, normality condition of data became fixed. Finally, after the analysis of the confirmatory factor of variables in measurement frames, the examination of the hypotheses rejection or confirmation was done by using structural equations approach. The analyses show that among three hypothesis presented, only facilities and services factor affects the development of historical- cultural tourism in this area. Therefore, the model obtained from this research indicates a meaningful correlation between welfare facilities and services and development of tourism in Farahabad, and tourism facilities and infrastructures have a direct relationship with development of tourism in this area.

The purpose of this study is assessment and analysis of inequality in the distribution of urban tourism infrastructures in East Azerbaijan Province by SAW technique, Pearson's coefficient SKEWNESS, Pearson's coefficient correlation and ZIPF size-rank law. Indicators of the study contains; (1) accommodations and Hotel, (2) the catering units and restaurants, (3) recreational places (including museums, cinemas, theaters and exhibitions], (4) food serving stops (fast food, etc.), (5) travel agencies, (6) tourism sample region, (7) public transportation, (8) commercial companies and cooperatives and (9) public parks. The results indicated there is an obvious difference between counties of East Azerbaijan province based on the urban tourism infrastructures, so Tabriz County with 0.996 takes the first rank and Khdaafrin with 0.003 takes the last rank and distribution of urban tourism infrastructures in East Azerbaijan Province is asymmetric with positive skewness. Pearson’s coefficient correlation showed direct relationship between the distribution of population and urban tourism infrastructures with 0.994 in East Azerbaijan Province. However, enormous inequality in the distribution of population and urban tourism infrastructures according to the ZIPF size- rank law has observed between the counties of East Azerbaijan Province.

Every year, thousands of tons of soils become unavailable from gardens, pastures, and agricultural lands by different forms of erosion, accumulating in potentially sedimentary regions, leading to significant losses. To manage eroded regions and inhibit this phenomenon, it is necessary to identify areas under erosion or under deposit and estimate the amount of eroded soil, thereby appropriate protective actions for reducing or lowering the erosion process can be done, in addition to determining vulnerable and critical regions. So, it is required to get access to high accuracy and efficiency. For this purpose, the experimental model has been used. This model has been used in different geographical environments in Iran. It has presented acceptable and satisfying results than other experimental models due to its quantifiablity and use of several parameters. In this method, nine environmental factors have been investigated: geology, soil, climate, running water, gradient, earth covering, land use, surface and river erosion. Then, the rate of erosion and deposit is calculated by quantitative pricing of parameters. In this study, all data from these model data were estimated by the documentary method for evaluating deposit and erosion in Bekr Abad Drainage Basin, field studies were extracted and its required layers were provided in GIS Software. When databases were found, quantitative pricing and weight-giving to any of layers were extracted based on defined standards in the model, as well as in the final map of erosion spreading and the basin deposits. Comparing the amounts of estimated deposits and maps from areas sensitive to basin erosion with observational amounts and with field states of the basin indicates that fortunately, this basin is not in an acute state in terms of erosion values, and the development process is preventable by proper management. Also, surface erosion state gradient, and soil characteristic factors are most influential factors on the incidence of different erosion among different erosion factors of the basin.

The study measured the forms and landscapes caused by tectonic activity is the subject of tectonic geomorphology. Fans of such forms of tectonic activity along the tectonic that climate change is the most important factor controlling them. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of tectonic factors in the development and morphology changes of the alluvial fans of Jajroud, Heble Roud and Eyvankei. In this study, the topographic maps, geology, satellite photos and the digital elevation model (DEM) were used as the main data. In addition, the morphology of the alluvial fans of the region was studied closely and through a field study. Then, using the geomorphic indexes which includes the sinuosity of the mountain in-front (SMF) Ratio of valley floor width to valley height (VF), Drainage Asymmetry factor (AF), Stream Length-Gradient Index (SL), Transverse Topographic Symmetry Factor (T), Fan Comicality Index (FCI), the region in terms of tectonic activities were assessed. Through combination of these indexes the index of active tectonic (Iat) were obtained. The results show that according to the Iat amounts, the region is active in terms of neotectonic activities. So that Heble Roud alluvial fans are ranked as the geologic activities are high and for Eyvankei and Jajroud alluvial fans are placed at the medium level of geologic activities. The database of Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran (1937-2012) has recorded the most earthquakes near the fault of Garmsar, especially in the western parts of it; and it seems that it has more activity than its eastern part.