Legal Research
Year:2007 | Volume:- | Issue:45|Papers Count:6

In our time, the nation of going unpunished particularly amongst those offenders who are suspected of international crimes has caused major difficulty in the relations between the nations. Historically, those suspects of international crimes who were in possessions of enough power and immunity have never had to surrender to justice. In the latter part of the twentieth century therefore, the consensus of the nations was to enact laws and procedures such as making international crimes resistant against limitation of action provisions, obligation the nations to extradition, legal aid and assistant and establishment of International Criminal Courts in order to prevent the international criminals to escape punishment. The Statute of International Criminal Courts is an instrument, in the Part 9 of which entitled "international cooperation and judicial assistance" contains the requirement of carrying out the commitments by the nations in various forms. According to this Statute in order to cooperate with the Court all the member states are obliged to A Revue de Recherch Juridique, No. 45, 2007 enact laws in their domestic legal systems. The Part 9 also contains provisions in respect of requests for the arrest and handing over of the offenders, other forms of cooperation and the manner of interaction between the states and the Court. Nonetheless, the member states may in following the provisions of the Statute encounter certain constraints resulting from their previous commitments to other nations prior to their joining the Statute.

This article aims to introduce readers to some principal issues arising from the operation of the courts and, in particular, the sentencing of offenders. The process of sentencing is one of the most cohesive actions that the state can apply to individuals as, at its most extreme, it can deprive people of their liberty for very long periods of time. For sentences to be seen as legitimate, they must be imposed after the accused has been found guilty as a result of a fair trial in which the decision has been reached by those with the authority to do so. Sentencing decisions must also be consistent between individuals and geographic location. We shall see in this article that the fundamental principles of English criminal justice process of truth, justice and fairness are stretched by the court and sentencing process.

Copyright ability is one of the main issues in the copyright systems across the world. There are some copyrightable subject matters which are nonexclusively mentioned in the copyright laws, but there are no explicit legal texts regarding their conditions of copyright ability which have some significant effects on the extent of copyrightable works in a given territory.Due this fact, copyright theorists and interpreters by recourse to philosophical foundations of copyright have inferred that originality and expression are common obligatory requirements and registration is common voluntary requirement for copyrightable works across the world.In this article, the writer has endeavored by a descriptive and comparative method to study those requirements and their legal effects on a given copyright system with due reference to their theoretical and historical origins.

The incipient directive concepts that human being obliged to submission it, configured in the form of "Ethics". Although, conscionable assurance of thought and act is not effective always; but it can be a prelude, justification or measure for legal rules. Again, the actualization of ethics in the context of humorless problems of human being, namely rights and duties, has required definition of universal and acceptable measures and principles for bioethics. For prosperity and practicability, these principles shall be draft in light of harmonies of nations and have consideration to propensity and international impetus to protecting environment as whole. As an important fact, just having legal sanctions will fulfill "pragmatic ethics".