STRATEGIC STUDIES QUARTERLY
Year:2017 | Volume:20 | Issue:3 (77) |Papers Count:12

The author of this paper is of the view that the Shiite theological position of the Shiite prevents emergence and growth of extremism, violence as well as promotion of terrorism and in the meantime it blocks any possibility of extremism, criminal atrocities and expansion of non-believers realm of domination. The research has found that due its obedience to Ahl Al-Bait (the House of the Prophet Muhammad P. B. U. H), establishment of rationalism especially during the reform movements in the contemporary age including in the works of various thinkers like Motahari, Allame Tabatabai, Ayatollah Javadi Amoli, Imam Khomeini who have discussed several issues like monotheism, prophethood, justice, imamate, resurrection, force and freedom, inherent goodness and grace, and the virtue of reason and independence of reason, the Shiite theological positions have prevented emergence of violation and extremism among the Shiite Muslims. This approach has found a proper bed in principles of Shiite jurisprudence and jurisprudence itself and with the guidance provided for the youth and the society it has prevented any inclination towards terrorism in the Shiite societies.

The author intends to offer an epistemological understanding of terrorism in the West Asia from the social constructivist theory point of view. The author argues that terrorism is a historical, social, economic and cultural phenomenon rather than a political and criminal phenomenon. And it is driven from modernity and affected by its foundations and agencies and therefore it has a weak attachment to the pre-modernity age. In fact, terrorism has a connotation that belongs to modernity and grown-up from it's foundations. However, it is not a passive meaning against the set is chapter but it's connotation paves the way to strengthen that phenomenon. The constructive relationship between the structure and agency in creation of terrorism is a continuous one and Knack of that meaning prevents terrorism to a marriage.

Enjoying the Mactour method, tho paper provides an illustration on the effect of strategies of different actors involved in the issue of terrorism in the West Asia region and their interactions. As the results show with decrease of financial and logistics support of Takfiri terrorism and strengthening the will to fight against terrorism, those groups are not capable to act in a situation that the actors are competing or not cooperating with each other. However, it's obvious that as long as the countries intend to abuse those groups and pursue their strategic goals and to push the terrorist groups against their own rivals, the crises will continue in the coming future.

The end of the Cold War and termination of mutual support of the great powers from dear decedents, globalization, the fight against terrorism since 9/11 and decrease of support of terrorist groups by the states and etc. have led terrorist organizations to commence Mafia activities and to secure more financial resources for their own activities. Therefore, some new organizations have been established with a mixed feature, that is, mutual cooperation of mafia organizations and terror organizations. The paper offers an analysis about this development and focuses on the PKK as a case study. Since early 1990s PKK has been involved as a accomplice to mafia organizations but later it was involved directly with this kind of illegitimate activities and now it has a strong linkage we organized crimes. This linkage contributes to survival of this terror organization and therefore should be considered in developing strategies to contain terrorism.

This article will focus on the economic impact of terrorism in the Middle East and analysis the manner of terrorism affected on economic issues and trends in the region. The article main question is how terrorism has affected on economic situation in the Middle East? Terrorism is a destructive phenomenon and has negative effects and consequences on different functional sectors and spheres including economy. According to this Assumption, the article hypothesis is that terrorism has imposed a significant costs on the Middle East region by destruction the physical, humanitarian, social and cultural infrastructures and also increasing the uncertainty and created a security-oriented condition. That’ s helped to continuity of backwardness in this region.

The present essay discusses New Counter-Terrorism and its basic principles. As a whole, to confront terrorism or choosing a counterterrorism strategy, three distinct approaches can be identified. These three approaches are: criminal, military and intelligence approaches. Both first two approaches are reactive in essence. They can be called to consideration after a terrorist action. While confronting neo-terrorism, including Takfiri terrorism, prevention is prior to reaction. It is because the terrorist activities of these groups are often irreparable. These groups can hardly be demolished due to their jelly structure. So, informational approach is recommended to face and deal with this new form of terrorism. According to this approach, different informational tactics and strategies can be adapted to firstly prevent the formation of the Takfiri groups and secondly to stop them coming to the decision of planning and performing an attack. Although adapting this approach does not lead to rejecting other approaches in new anti-terrorist strategy, it must be considered prior to the other two approaches and both criminal and military approaches must be the continuation of the informational one and not vice versa. So this is called Informational Counter Terrorism or ICT. It must be mentioned that neo counter-terrorism should be active not a passive one. Active counter-terrorism includes steps like: investigation, intelligence gathering techniques, inquiry, infiltration and surveillance.

The present essay discusses New Counter-Terrorism and its basic principles. As a whole, to confront terrorism or choosing a counterterrorism strategy, three distinct approaches can be identified. These three approaches are: criminal, military and intelligence approaches. Both first two approaches are reactive in essence. They can be called to consideration after a terrorist action. While confronting neo-terrorism, including Takfiri terrorism, prevention is prior to reaction. It is because the terrorist activities of these groups are often irreparable. These groups can hardly be demolished due to their jelly structure. So, informational approach is recommended to face and deal with this new form of terrorism. According to this approach, different informational tactics and strategies can be adapted to firstly prevent the formation of the Takfiri groups and secondly to stop them coming to the decision of planning and performing an attack. Although adapting this approach does not lead to rejecting other approaches in new anti-terrorist strategy, it must be considered prior to the other two approaches and both criminal and military approaches must be the continuation of the informational one and not vice versa. So this is called Informational Counter Terrorism or ICT. It must be mentioned that neo counter-terrorism should be active not a passive one. Active counter-terrorism includes steps like: investigation, intelligence gathering techniques, inquiry, infiltration and surveillance.