QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Year:2007 | Volume:- | Issue:37|Papers Count:5

Transplantation is transferring a cell tissue or a living organ from one person to another in a way that the function of the transferred organ remains the same. Nowadays Allograph transplantation products are some of the best and sometimes the only treatment of some diseases. These organs and tissues are taken from people whose brain death has been testified by physicians. Removing organs and tissues will be possible through the person's will and consent (legal will, organ donation card, informing the family while he is alive or the consent of legal heirs). In our country due to a large number of brain deaths, one may expect a lot of organdonation s, but it's not true.The process of organ donation as a social action is under the influence of so many factors like Cultural and Social variables. It's impassible to try to solve the shortage of transplanting organs without knowing about the reasons and barriers against organ donation.This study aims at a cultural and social analysis of organ donation. In order to fulfill the objective of the research, a combined conceptual framework with and emphasis on Parson's social action theory has been arranged after reviewing sociological, logical, legal and religious perspectives and also reviewing empirical resources, according to which research hypotheses have been proposed. After defining concepts and maintaining suitable measures, their validity and reliability were tested. Finally, there is a questionnaire which has been prepared via referring to control participants. The statistical sample is 320 persons of Tehranian Muslim citizens who are over 15 years of age which comprise two groups. One group is donating tissue and organ (with organ donation card) and anther group do not donate. The description and analysis of data has been done in three levels. Descriptive statistics has been used in one-variable situation analysis (one-dimensional tables and distribution figures). Inferential statistics has been used for the analysis of two-dimensional tables. Regression has been used in multi-variable analysis. The findings of the study show that organ donation is related to the individual characteristics such as: age, sex, gain of physical health, social features socio-economic status, personality, Universalism. People's attitude towards donation and social trust as the out put of personality trait. The more literacy, the more knowledge of the subject, universalism, trust and positive attitude towards organ donation, the more willingness to donate organs. In contrast, the more gain of health, age and social status, the less organ donation.Findings of the regression analysis also show that, trust in medical profession and universalism play the most important in determining organ donation in regression model, respectively It's note worthy that the rest of the variables such as age, physical health gain, attitude, sex, socio-economic status are the next most important factors. Definition of key terms.

Majlis Shuraye Meli (The National Consultative Assembly) opened for the first time after the victory of Iranian Constitutional Revolution in 1906; and Iranian political parties officially started their activities since the Second Malis. However, since that time Iranian parties existed, they performed and functioned ostensibly and superficially. It was due to fact that the structural foundation of Iranian society remained quite similar to pre-Constitutional Movement era. Also, existing parties, instead of raising public participation in politics which is one of its important duties-, were competing with each other and this culminated in assassinations and excommunications. As a result, these parties not only didn’t display a peaceful picture of political competition, but also they became an important factor in conflicts within the society because the conception of party was reduced to those secret pre-Constitutional associations. Instead of attracting ordinary people, parties were engaged in attracting the rich and power-brokers. Wherever they were able to do anything, as a result of conflicts between parties or influence of tyrants or foreign countries, they couldn’t be successful.On the whole, from Second to Fifth Majlis, a slight progress occurred within this Assembly, but mostly they were suppressing their competitors and waste their time for political quarrels, not political competitions. During that period of time, opportunists used these parties as legal means. For example, Rezakhan could demolish the Ghajar and call himself as the King of Persia, using parties within the Fifth Majlis which were supporting him. Consequently, at the first stage of their activities, parties were puppets in the hands of power -brokers and that period came to an end through the parties defeat and formation of dictatorship from the Constitutional Movement. Because, although political parties were heralds of the modern era, pre-Constitutional relations were still ruling over and parties were born before the formation of any political, social, economical or cultural construction, and as those parties were in conflict with existing constructions, they couldn’t do their duties properly and they acted only as a deficient version on parties in other countries.

Political trust addresses the relation between people and state. Researches say political trust has had a declining trend in Iran since the victory of the revolution.Religion is among the factors which affect political trust, and has been emphasized in the theories of the classical and contemporary sociologists and social capital theorists. This fact is more considerable in Iran where a religious government is in power and religion clearly and apparently intervenes with politics. Guidens describes the impact of religion on the political trust as one of the characteristics of the traditional societies and points to the religious commitments of the authorities in the traditional societies as well as function of the access point, basic trust, and government’s endeavor to provide social-economic welfare for the people as other factors which affect the political trust. In order to investigate the political trust in three domains of trust in the political system, political institutions and political actors through a survey method, information was collected from 630 over-20-year individuals in Tehran which had been selected by the quota sampling method. Results of the research showed that people trust in the politica system more than institutions and actors. The extent of the religiosity of the respondents as well as their basic trust, satisfaction with function of the access point, interpretation of the extent of religious commitments of the authorities and also state's endeavor to provide social-economic welfare for the people affect the political trust. The highest effect belongs to the interpretation of the respondents of the state's endeavor to provide social-economic welfare for the people.

The dovecotes or Pigeon towers are scattered here and there in central Iran and some other countries. They could be known as the cultured-economic constructions. With there Productive Functions for the traditional agriculture and indirectly, for the subsistence at the local people.In addition to their good appearance by their elaborating aesthetic architectural aspect. These buildings (Constructions) are functional for the survival and protection of the pigeons to make use at them for agricultural system. The present article attempts it compare the Iranian dovecotes and British ones. With attention to their old history, geographical situation, local establishment, and their operational applied purpose, as well. Then, by through describing the internal and external teristics at these devotes. It is intended to find the relations between these constructions and their achievements.

In this Research in order to recognize the approaches of local Press to the 9th Iran s presidential election, the related news contents of nine Newspapers with three (Right, Left & center) political tendencies were studied. The Statistical Sample of this research was the formal period of presidential political advertising (sixteen days) from May 26th 2005 till June 12th of 2005 (cxcepl off days). On the whole, 1572 articles were studied in 24 Categories. The Method of this research is content analysis. SPSS Software & X2 Test were used to study theelection s News Coverage.The research findings showed that between the three tendencies of the studied Press, all the articles had meaningful difference except the Headline in front page. The Results showed: In Local Press Nationalism is more than Localism. There is less attention to local Issues in the local Press.Bias to the candidate is positive In news, the fame value for local authorities is more than national Ones.