Soffeh
Year:2018 | Volume:28 | Issue:81 |Papers Count:6

Prior to the prominence of modern sciences, people adopted various approaches to understand things. After that, though, these approaches were limited to fewer types. In recent decades the efficiency of modern understanding methods has been subject to revisions, with some thinkers trying to recourse to the past in order to address present-day limits. This has resulted in some of earlier approaches having retrieved their former credibility. Despite qualitative researches, there are shortcomings in cognitive strategies in researches on the semantic aspects of architecture. Alternative strategies, therefore, need to be sought for cognition based on the past experience. The present research is an attempt to explain a strategy called ‘ inner cognition’ to approach human unmediated inner cognition, based on the historic wisdom about intuitive knowledge on one hand, and contemporary debates regarding intuition on the other. In order to do so, the present paper goes through an introduction to the strategy, followed by discussions on techniques, achievements, examples, and applications of the proposed strategy in semantic research. In this strategy cognitive tools such as wisdom, heart and revelation are explained through techniques such as observance, allegory, approbation and gloss. It is expected that this strategy offers normative theories to architectural semantics. The present text proposes ‘ inner cognition’ not as a general but a specific strategy, solely to give more depth to architectural semantic research.

An understanding of structural knowledge is an inevitable prerequisite for the process of form making and space creation, with the integration of creative, economic and buildable structures always an integral aspect of architecture. The understanding of structure takes a multifaceted knowledge, and it is important to know the right type of structure and the right degree of structural understanding for architects. Some researchers believe that an understanding of mechanical concepts alone is not enough, because spatial ideas and not mechanical principles are often the starting point for many designs; and hence the need to be familiar with the spatial aspect of structure. The main aim here is to investigate the multiple aspects of the architect’ s role in structural design. The research starts with a descriptive-analytical study of the relations between various aspects and the way they interact to form a building— through case studies— and concludes with an explanation of how architects can influence the ways in which structural design is incorporated into design process.

The characteristics of building masses, their settlement and density play an important role in the pattern of urban airflow, air stagnation and accumulation of pollutants in the lower atmosphere layer. Aiming at finding the optimised lodgement pattern in a given density, this research studies the effects of changes in height and site coverage (FAR, Floor Area Ratio), on a local scale in Velenjak area of Tehran. Given its interdisciplinary nature, the methodology of this research is hybrid, with information collected by library resources, CFD used for simulating wind regime, and modelling urban area carried out based on the Municipality GIS data. A net, constant density of 270%, has been distributed in three building models: seven-storey buildings with the site coverage area of 38. 5%, 12-storey buildings with the site coverage area of 22. 5% and 20-storey buildings with 13. 5% site coverage area. A 4. 5 m/s reference air flow above these models from north, west, northwest and northeast has been considered, while the studied urban block surrounded with similar blocks, regardless of the complex effect of atmosphere thermal stratification. The wind was simulated by Ansys Fluent software and k-ε turbulence model. The results indicate that natural ventilation occurs in 38% of time-places in seven-storey buildings, 44 % in 12-storey buildings and 65% in the high-rise buildings. Thus, it can be concluded that increasing height can only improve airflow with significant reduction of site coverage. This, in turn, depends on several factors, including urban fabric orientation, geometric features of the structure and wind characteristics of area. Therefore Individual numerical and experimental modelling and simulation are necessary for each region in order to obtain an optimal model.

The present-day urban spaces have severed their ties with time and place, and hence the widespread empty spaces failing to correspond with citizens’ lived experience. To avoid this, it is necessary to pay attention to the modes of production and organisation of space analytically. Henri Lefebvre’ s proposal for doing this is through ‘ rhythmanalysis’ . The aim of this research is to seek the main criteria for this theory in urban studies. To do so, the three main theories of Lefebvre, namely, the Production of Space, the Trialectics of Space and Rhythmanalysis were focused, with their theoretical background studied through various previous researches. The findings show that there are three types of urban spaces whose rhythms are influenced by climate, culture and technique. The criteria for rhythmanalysis in the perceived space include the explanation of interactions between physical and climatic, cultural and technical components as well as their effects on spatial perception. In the conceived space we are faced with criteria based on technics and the dominance mechanisms imposed by technical institutions and their effects on rhythms. In the lived space, the criteria are influenced by presence, occasions and events which result in multiple rhythms. It is in the lived space that various groups are looking for appropriation of space and resistance against the conceived space in order to achieve their desired consumption of space through their presence and the manifestation of their activities’ rhythms. This is how the lived space and the daily life rhythms are manifested under the influence of culture, climate and technique.

This paper discusses the necessity of spatial metropolitan planning to address the problems of fragmented policy-making. The analysis of sectoral urban policy-making has resulted in attempts towards integration and transformation of planning approach from “ land-use” to ‘ ” spatial” planning. An integrated, spatial planning suitable to resolve complicated, inter-sectoral issues focuses on affecting urban areas, and resolving complex and interrelated socio-economic and environmental problems. Despite the recognition of cities as self-governing entities in Iran, decisions are made by a divided public sector representing competing interests. Various attempts, implicit or explicit, to initiate an integrated and spatial metropolitan planning system have factually failed to change planning and management approaches in Tehran. The purpose of this paper is to answer the question of why, despite the opportunities traceable in legal frameworks for establishing a more integrated and comprehensive policy-making and planning system and mechanism capable of coordinating sectoral policies at the metropolitan level, has failed to replace sectoral attitudes. Using qualitative content analysis to the official document prepared for Tehran, a series of conflicting issues are exposed. These are, those between policy-making and planning by the elected as against appointed authorities, those between the acceptance of the status of urban as against national management and planning, those between “ research” and “ policymaking” on promoting integration amongst policies, those between “ procedural” versus “ substantive” aspects” of planning, and those that relate to different concepts of integrated spatial planning. These are the most important obstacles in the way of exploiting potential legal opportunities for spatial planning in Tehran.

Conservation-restoration is an empirical science devoted to the preventive and remedial treatment of cultural heritage objects. At a professional level, it can be characterised as a blend of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Although conservation-restoration originates from the historical accumulation of the skills of master craftsmen and artists, it has been developed into an academic field during the 20th century, having associations with a wide range of humanities and natural sciences, applied chemistry and physics, as well as analytical, organisational and philosophical elements. Recent studies of conservation-restoration are characterised by interdisciplinary approaches. Despite the discipline’ s academic structure having remained intact, commonalities between conservationrestoration and other disciplines have resulted in further overlaps. Nowadays, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary researches are developing at the boundaries of the scientific disciplines. In the present paper, boundaries, commonalities and collaborations between the conservation-restoration of monuments and other disciplines such as architecture, civil engineering, archaeology and social science, have been explained. Multi-specialism has its history in disciplines such as agriculture, industry and vocational training in Iran. However, when it comes to restoration, and despite the original multidisciplinary intentions in the design of BA courses in this field, the view towards curriculum is still predominantly single-disciplinary. The discipline’ s isolation from other disciplines of similar nature such as architecture has generated obstacles for a useful teaching. The present study makes use of logical reasoning together with a review of the history of the pedagogy in the discipline from the beginning to the initiation of academic institutions. The main aim of this paper is to offer a correct description of the discipline, which is different from what is considered interdisciplinary or sub-disciplinary. To do so, attempts are made to analyse the curriculum content and its relation with other disciplines with close ties with restoration. The conclusion is that a restoration graduate is of a nature beyond one from architecture, structure, chemistry or sociology, and that this difference must be taken into account for planning the curriculum.