Evaluating unconventional water resources for sustainable water supply: Advantages, limitations and implementation strategies

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Iraji Farida; Najafi Payam

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Journal Paper

Paper Information

Journal: Technical Strategies in Water Systems Year:2025 | Volume:3 | Issue:1 Page(s): 1-20

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Information Journal Paper

Title

Evaluating unconventional water resources for sustainable water supply: Advantages, limitations and implementation strategies

Author(s)

Iraji Farida | Najafi Payam | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

Unconventional water resources

Sustainable water management

Desalination

Treated wastewater

Climate change

Water security

Abstract

Global population growth, industrial expansion, and Climate change have led to significant declines in freshwater resources across many regions. Unconventional water resources (UWRs) have consequently gained strategic importance as a solution to water scarcity. Through systematic review and qualitative content analysis, this study examines 12 UWRs categorized into four main groups (atmospheric water, processed water, transferred water, and unconventional groundwater), along with key research in the field. Findings reveal that optimal UWR selection depends on sustainability, cost, environmental considerations, and geographical factors. Renewable and low-cost options like rainwater, greywater, and dew water demonstrate higher sustainability, whereas advanced technologies such as Desalination and fossil water extraction require substantial investment. Primary implementation challenges include technical constraints, high costs, social resistance, and governance barriers—though these can be mitigated through technological innovation, evidence-based policymaking, and community participation. Case studies from Iran highlight successful applications of Treated wastewater, atmospheric moisture harvesting, and saline aquaculture, underscoring the potential of these resources. The study concludes by advocating integrated management of conventional and Unconventional water resources through adaptive, context-specific approaches to ensure long-term Water security.

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