There are continuing efforts to find antepartum tests that can identify the fetus destined to suffer asphyctic preinstall death. Such tests have focused increasingly on fetal biophysical events.At present however the biophysical profile can be applied practically in larger hospitals because the average testing time is at least 24 minutes per patient. At Tabriz medical sciences university, the authors performed biophysical profile testing on 30 fetuses with acoustic stimulation.Used a buzzer like device with output intensity of approximately 104 dB at the skin surface of the mother. The total testing time reduces to 5 minutes with acoustic stimulation (p<0.001).

Since the normal values of thyroid volume ultrasonography results from European schoolchildren were endorsed by WHO, a few studies have addressed the limitation of the recommended references as universal normal values for thyroid volume. Our objective was to describe thyroid volume measured by ultrasonography in Tehran’s schoolchildren and compare these with WHO normal values. Cross-sectional studies were performed in 1186 schoolchildren aged 6-15 years in Tehran, 10 years after distribution of iodized salt. Data were collected on age, sex, weight, height, thyroid size by palpation and ultrasonography and urinary iodine. The 97th percentiles of thyroid volume for age/sex and body surface area (BSA) / sex were determined. The prevalence of goiter was 42% by palpation, 31% grade 1 and 11% grade 2. Median urinary iodine was 21.2 µg/dl. The 97th percentiles were comparable in girls and boys in all ages. According to the WHO thyroid volume references Tehran’s children did not have enlarged thyroids based on BSA and age, even in 11% of children with grade 2 (visible) goiter. In Tehran’s children, the best predictors of thyroid volume were BSA, height and weight. Using linear regression, the 97th percentiles of thyroid volume from Tehran’s children were lower than the corresponding references from WHO normal values. WHO-recommended references lacked normal values for 6% of schoolchildren with BSA<0.8 m2. Results indicate that a thyroid volume reference based on weight alone would perform as well as that based on BSA. In addition, until the adoption of a new applicable international reference for thyroid volume, the use of local references in the screening of children for thyroid enlargement is recommended.

Ultrasound examinations of 278 patients with right upper quadrant pain and a clinical suspicion of acute cholecystitis were reviewed in 14 patients a tender, dilated gall- Bladder with a thick (more than 3mm) partly hypoechoic wall without any detectalle calculi was found on the emergency examination. This was interpreted as due to acute acalculous cholecystitis. But in the follow-up studies with either oral cholcystography, or ultrasound, only three patients had true acalculous cholecystitis.

Enlargement of the thyroid, or goiter, is the most common manifestation of thyroid disease. Multinodular goiter can produce the most extreme thyroid enlargements and are more frequntly mistaken for neoplastic involvement than any other form of thyroid disease. Multinodular goiter is a benign disease but foci of malignant changes may exist in which can't be diagnosed by physical examination, ultrasonography or radioisotope scanning and only after removal of gland by surgery and pathologic examination diagnosed. The aim of this study is partial frequency evaluation of carcinoma in multinodular goiter specimens that removed by surgery and sent for pathologic examination.Total and subtotal thyroidectomy specimens belong to 278 patients with previous multinodular goiter diagnosis evaluated. Specimens with malignant change foci have suspected positive and histologic type and malignant differentiation grade obtained.From 278 specimen which were evaluated. 14 specimens had malignant changes associated with maltinodular goiter and 264 specimens hadn't malignancy. Partial frequency of carcinoma in evaluated specimens was 5.4% in females and 2.4% in males. Most frequent kind of carcinoma associated with maltinodular goiter was papillary carcinoma. Multinodular goiter disease can have malignant changes in latent carcinoma form that only after pathologic evaluation can be diagnosed.  

Knowledge of both sex and maturity stage without killing fish is important from many aspects. The establishment of accurate sex and maturity determination without external sexual dimorphism or when external characters are not developed has usually involved the use of either hormone radioimmunoassay or biopsy techniques. These methods are time and labor consuming as well as harmful to fish. Therefore, it would be economically important for caviar producing countries to develop accurate, effective and non-invasive method for determination of sex and maturity in sturgeons. Ultrasonography examination was performed to determine sex and differences between matured and immatured Acipenser stellatus. The 249 captured stellate sturgeons larger than 95 cm in length were examined with a linear transducer. Sex determination was carried out based on the differences in echogenicity and morphology of the ovaries and testes. Results of ultrasonography were confirmed at necropsy: 199 fish were female (63 matured and 136 immatured) and 50 were male (29 matured and 21 immatured). Ultrasonographic examination resulted in sex determination with 97.2% accuracy. Gonads of immature males may be difficult to discern. The speed of examination was around 30 seconds or less per fish depending on the stage of maturation of fish.