Background and objectives: The polymorphisms in the major genes of Diacylglycerol OAcyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) and Leptin have drawn much attention from animal scientists during recent years, for their possible roles in the economically important traits. However, the association between these genes and milk production traits has been reported incompatible (sometimes significant and some other times without significant association) in dairy cattle. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between DGAT1 and Leptin genes and some economically important traits including milk yield, milk fat and protein content and percentages in dairy cows by using meta-analysis. Materials and methods: All researches published in the theses and peer-reviewed journals up to 2018 were used. Following quality control, 9 and 4 studies reported for the polymorphisms of K232A in DGAT1 and Sau3AI of Leptin gene were used, respectively. The analysis of the current study was carried out using the Stata v. 15. The Non-conformance index (I2) was significant for all parameters so that a random risk model was used. The effect size, 95% confidence interval, and statistical significance level of the measurements were calculated for each variable using this model. All variables were continuously in the current study. The measurement of the effect size for continuous data was carried out using the standardized mean difference (SMD) that was calculated for the polymorphisms of K232A and Sau3AI loci in DGAT1 and Leptin genes on the milk yield, milk fat and protein content and percentage. Results: The results of the present research showed that the polymorphism in the K223A locus of DGAT1 gene, has a significant effect on milk fat content and percentage, and can play an important role in their amounts, but its relationship with milk yield and protein content and percentage is not significant. Also, the results for Sau3AI polymorphism in the Leptin revealed that this locus had no significant effect on the traits investigated in this study. Conclusion: The results of the present study with identifying the overall effects of the studied genotypes of DGAT1 and Leptin genes on milk production traits in dairy cows can play an important role in planning the use of the polymorphisms of these genes in future researches.

In this paper, the synthesis of novel 1-benzyl-3-((2, 3-dioxoindolin-1-yl) methyl) pyridinium bromide is reported. The products were synthesized in two steps from isatin and 3-(chloromethyl) pyridine or 4-(chloromethyl) pyridine derivatives in basic conditions. The inhibition activity of the products was studied against acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase. The results showed that, 4-pyridine derivatives had higher activities than 3-pyridine derivatives. In addition, among 4-pyridine derivatives, the best activities were related to 5a, 5b, 5c, 5g, and 5h, while 5b had the highest inhibition activity by IC50 = 1.00 mM, which could be applied in the treatment of Alzheimer desease.

Introduction & Objective: The paradigm shift of minimal invasiveness in surgery, necessitates the use of methods and tools with minimal derangement of natural homostasis. For many years, N2O, inspite of being more neutral than, was not in use due to the reports that questioned its safety. Recently, there has been some doubts about the claims of its unsafety, and this has paved the way for its clinical trial. This study is about to provide more trustful evidences for judging between N2O and CO2.Materials & Methods: This clinical trial was done on patients who were candidates for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide was randomly used for the patients. The measured variables before and during the procedure were: Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, end-tidal CO2, minute ventilation, and O2 saturation and post operation pain. Pain, as perceived by patients, was measured after the procedure by visual analogue scale. Shoulder pain and ability to move in the bed and out of bed was recorded as proxy data for pain. Vomiting and use of analgesics and antiemetics were also recorded and compared.Results: The two groups of 32 patients in each arm of the trial were comparable to each other. While hemodynamic parameters were statistically identical, end-tidal CO2 was greater in patients of CO2 group. (32 versus 27 mmHg, P<0.001, 95% CI [2.00-7.27]). No differences were detected in pain perception and nausea/vomiting rate between two groups. Intra operative and postoperative use of analgesics and antiemetics were not statistically different between the two groups. No adverse events in either group were encountered.Conclusions: The use of N2O does not disturb respiratory system, contrary to the case of CO2. Its effect on the postoperative pain and vomiting and homodynamic variables had been reported to be different from that of CO2. But in our study, they were not different.

In this paper, simulation-based (software-based) teaching of a 4-channel optical demultiplexer based on photonic crystal is presented by using the R-Soft software. The teaching of the demultiplexer structure is based on the use of a photonic crystal filter. In this analysis, with the variation of the radius of the cylindrical nano-ring resonator and the radius of the scattering rods, the critical length parameter of 1573. 6 nm is improved in the design of the filter. The advantages of the 4-channel demultiplexer include the mean quality factor of 4525, mean channel power transfer factor of 95%, and maximum and minimum channel cross-talk of-19. 6 and-40. 4, respectively. Also, mean channel width is obtained as 0. 375 nm. Moreover, the proposed 4-channel demultiplexer can be used in WDM systems. The simulation-based teaching of these structures is very important to develop and improve the multiplexers performance. Therefore, the related syllabus is suggested for master of science (MSc) students in Electronic Engineering major. This syllabus can be considered as a part of Photonic Crystal or Photonics courses.

Background: Increased rates of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) have been reported from developing countries. We evaluated the incidence of drug resistance in children in order to determine the magnitude of the problem, in our region.Objective: To determine the resistance pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to four anti-tuberculosis drugs in childhood pulmonary tuberculosis at National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD) which is a referral centre in Tehran. Treatment of the patients was based on the DOTS strategy according to the WHO protocols since 1989.Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of all cases of pulmonary tuberculosis with positive M. tuberculosis culture who had referred to paediatrics ward from January 1999 to August 2004. M. tuberculosis sensitivity testing was performed by the Lowenstein-Jensen medium for isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), streptomycin (SM), and ethambutol (EMB). Results: Among 350 children (0-15years) with confirmed tuberculosis, 7 children had resistance to at least one of the four anti-TB drugs. Out of the 7 patients, 6 were Afghan refugees and one patient was Iranian. Among those 85.7% had resistance to RMP, 71.4% to INH, 57.1% to SM, and 28.6% to EMB .In addition, 28.5% of patients had resistance to all four drugs (RMP, INH, SM, EMB), 14.2% to INH, RMP, SM, 28.5% to INH, RMP and 14.2% had resistance to each of SM and RMP.In this study 2% of children with TB had resistance out of which primary resistance was detected in 57.1%. Secondary resistance was found in 42.9% of cases who had previous history of anti-TB therapy.Conclusion: According to 2% prevalence of drug resistance in children and high resistance to RMP in our study, more aggressive interventions should be considered. Further management and supervision in DOTS implementation is highly recommended to prevent transmission of resistant tuberculosis.