Rosemary plant extract as a natural anti-oxidant is 4 times stronger than synthetic anti-oxidant like BHT and BHA. For this reason, it has been under attention not only for its anti-oxidant properties rather for its anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, and anti-virus properties in different studies. This research investigates the effects of temperature, time, pH, and substance concentration in the labeling of irradiated rosmarinic acid by radioisotope gallium-67 as a high-resolution imaging agent for SPECT imaging. In this study, gamma irradiated rosmarinic acid nanoparticles at 20 kGy and 30 kGy levels in two concentrations of 0.5 and 1% were radiolabeled by gallium-67 radioisotope produced in Karaj cyclotron, and their efficiency and radiochemical purity were compared. Labeling conditions (including pH, temperature, time, and compound concentration) were investigated. Quality control was performed by thin-layer chromatography (RTLC). Resulting from the experiments, 30 kGy level and 1% concentration at 45 °C for 30 minutes at pH = 5.5-6 proved to be the best time for labeling rosemary nanoparticles, and the highest radiochemical purity achieved was 95%; radio conjugate also showed good stability after 12 hours.

Introduction: Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The use of antioxidant compounds in dietary food stuffs including vitamin E and rosmarinic acid may lead to the inhibition of production of oxidized LDL and may decrease both the development and the progression of atherosclerosis.Objective: The present work investigated the effects of Rosmarinic Acid (RA) on LDL oxidation induced-CuSO4 quantitatively in vitro.Materials and Methods: Fasting blood samples from normal people after an overnight fasting were collected and then LDL was isolated. LDL was incubated without CuSO4 as control and incubated with CuSO4 and several concentrations of RA (50, 100 and 200 mM), and measured the formation of conjugated dienes and Malondialdehyde (MDA). Inhibition of this Cu-induced oxidation was studied in the presence of several concentrations of RA (50, 100 and 200 mM).Results: It was demonstrated that RA is able to decrease CuSO4-induced LDL oxidation. Rosmarinic acid showed a decrease in the formation of (MDA). Rates of 31.8%, 36.7% and 50.3% were seen at concentrations ranging from 50, 100 and 200 mM, respectively, against oxidation in vitro. The inhibitory effects of the RA on LDL oxidation were dose dependent at concentrations ranging from 50 t o 200 mM.Conclusion: This study showed that RA at concentrations (50, 100 and 200 mM) prevented the oxidation of LDL in vitro and it may suggest that they have the similar effect in vivo.

In this study, callus formation ofSalvia leriifolia Benth by stem and leaf explants in the combination of NAA and 2, 4-D with Kin and the effect of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate elicitors (50, 100, 150 mM) in callus on some secondary metabolites were studied. NAA in combination with Kin had no callus production in both of stem and leaf explants, while the most appropriate callus produced by leaf explant at a concentration of 1 mg/L Kin with 2 mg/L 2, 4-D. The highest fresh and dry weight, total phenol and flavonoids content were observed in calluses treated with 100 mM of methylisammonate, however, with increasing salicylic acid concentration, fresh and dry weight, total phenol content, flavonoids, rosmarinic acid increased, and the highest content of rusamicin acid and caffeic acid was observed in calluses treated with 100 and 150 mM salicylic acid, respectively. According to the results, it is stated that, by optimizing the concentrations of the ellicetors, it is possible to produce the desired secondary metabolites of salvia inin vitro conditions.

Optimization of callus culture of Zataria multiflora carried out in order to improve rosmarinic acid (RA) production as a secondary metabolite. The research was conducted using factorial experiments based on randomized complete design. Callus induction from the shoot node culture was realized on MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-D (0.5mg/l) and Kinetin (1mg/l). Optimized growth was obtained on Gamborg medium (salt and vitamins) with BA (0.75 mg/l) in dark. The tissues were cultivated in the same medium with sucrose (30, 60 g/1) or glucose (60, 75, 90 g/l) under 16h light/ 8h dark or continuous dark. Accumulation of RA was measured after 45 days of culture by HPLC. Accumulation of RA in callus culture was higher than in seedlings. Also, the higher biomass was obtained with callus culture. High quantities of RA (15.6%) were obtained with glucose treatment. There was not significant difference between 90 and 75g/1 glucose for RA content, but higher callus growth was obtained with 75g/l than with 90g/l glucose. The results indicated that osmotic agents and illumination had a significant effect on RA accumulation in Zataria callus cultures. Furthermore, higher biomass and RA amounts can be obtained from callus cultures than from the cultured seedling.

It was the first time that hairy roots were initiated from Salvia reuterana by infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATTC 15834. Confirmatory studies were carried out by direct detection of inserted T-DNA by the polymerase chain reaction. These hairy root cultures had the ability to produce rosmarinic acid. The effect of six different basic media including B5, 1/2 B5, MS, 1/2 MS, White’s and WPM on the root growth and rosmarinic acid production was studied. Results showed that maximum fresh weight (41.4 g/-1) and dry weight (3.7 g/L-1) were found in MS medium. Despite the maximum rosmarinic acid production (52.2 mg/g DW) was achieved in B5 medium, the highest amount of rosmarinic acid yield (0.13 g/L-1) was observed in MS medium. Therefore MS medium was suggested as the best culture medium for growth and rosmarinic acid production in hairy root culture of Salvia reuterana.

Background and aim: Evidence indicates the beneficial effects of Lemon balm polyphenols in controlling morphine withdrawal syndrome. The effects of Rosmarinic acid, as one of the most active biological components of this plant, have not been studied in the field of opioid withdrawal syndrome, and therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of Rosmarinic acid on this syndrome in an animal model.  Methods: To induce dependence, morphine was injected intraperitoneally three times a day (with doses of 50, 50, and 75 mg/kg respectively) for 3 days. On the fourth day after morphine, naloxone was administered to induce the withdrawal syndrome. Different doses of Rosmarinic acid (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) as active treatments, clonidine, and saline (negative control) were injected in different and separate groups (n = 8), 30 minutes before naloxone. The levels of anxiety, irritability, and pain tolerance threshold were evaluated by elevated plus maze (EPM), open field, and hot plate tests after naloxone injection. Results: Clonidine and Rosmarinic acid with a dose of 20 could significantly increase the presence of mice in the open arm of the EPM (p < 0.001). The excitability and motor activity in mice with withdrawal syndrome in the groups receiving 10 and 20 Rosmarinic acid and clonidine significantly decreased and the pain threshold increased (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the Rosmarinic acid 20 and clonidine groups. Conclusion: These results clearly show that moderate to high doses of Rosmarinic acid (>10 mg/kg) are as effective as clonidine in suppressing the occurrence of morphine withdrawal syndrome and can be considered as a candidate in future clinical trials.

Background: Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most common causes of end stage renal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory roles of rosmarinic acid in inhibition of diabetic nephropathy.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male rats were uninephrectomized from the left flank. The rats were randomly divided into four groups of ten: Group1 (control), group 2 (control) including untreated diabetic rats, and groups 3 and 4 (treatment groups) that received rosmarinic acid 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Diabetes was induced in groups 2, 3, and 4 by subcutaneous injection of alloxan. After 8 weeks, serum malondialdehyde was measured. Kidney paraffin sections were prepared and stained by periodic acid Schiff method. Glomerular, intraglomerular mesangial, and glomerular capillary volumes were estimated by stereological methods. Data were analyzed by SPSS 13 software and Man-Whitney nonparametric test.Results: The level of serum malondialdehyde in treatment groups was maintained at the level of control group. Glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial expansion, and reduction of glomerular capillary volume in groups treated by rosmarinic acid were significantly inhibited compared with the untreated diabetic group, but the levels of these variables were significantly different from that of the control group.Conclusion: Rosmarinic acid significantly ameliorates glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial expansion, and glomerullar capillary volume in diabetic rats.