Background & Aims Personality pathological symptoms are the ones that require the attention of psychological therapists. Borderline personality characteristics due to its significant prevalence, as a personality trait, require the attention of therapists. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of integrated schema oriented therapy and schema therapy on perception of exclusion among individuals with borderline personality characteristics. Method The research method was semi-experimental, and research design was three groups with two stages (pre-test and post-test). In order to carry out the research, from 70 persons with borderline personality characteristics in Isfahan in the winter of 2018, 45 persons were selected based on criteria of entry and exit and then randomly assigned in three groups,including two groups of integrated schema oriented therapy and schema therapy and a control group (each group with 15 person). Rohner et al (1978) perception of exclusion questionnaire was used to measure the dependent variable in the pretest and post-test. The group of integrated schema oriented therapy and schema therapy received 15 sessions of treatment and the control group did not receive any treatment. The data were analyzed by analysis of covariance. Data analysis was done using SPSS 24 software. Findings The results showed that the integrated schema oriented therapy and schema therapy compared to the control group reduced the perception of exclusion in posttest after controlling for pretest (p<0. 001). In addition, two integrated schema oriented therapy and schema therapy had the same effect in reducing perception of exclusion (p>0. 05). Conclusion According to the findings of this study, therapists can use two integrated schema oriented therapy and schema therapy to help reduce rejection in people with borderline personality characteristics.

Background and Objectives: Schema is a cognitive and emotional pattern, which can affect individual behaviors. This study was performed to investigate mental health problems and personality characteristics in female students in Qom city.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 151 female students of Qom high schools in three disciplines of Mathematical Sciences, Humanities, and Experimental Sciences in 2011-2012 academic years. Sampling was performed in two steps; first cluster sampling and then stratified sampling with proportional allocation to each cluster. Participants answered a 75-question questionnaire, “Young Early Maladaptive Schemas”. Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis, spearman correlation coefficient, and Lambda statistics.Results: The mean age of the students was 15±1.5 years. Unrelenting standards schemas (in domain of over vigilance/inhibition), failure and dependency (in dimension of impaired autonomy), and defectiveness and shame (in dimension of disconnection and rejection) had the highest mean scores, respectively. None of the mean scores had a significant difference according to three academic groups. But the correlation between the schemas was statistically significant in the academic groups (p<0.05).Conclusion: In this study, 2 out of the 4 schemas with the highest mean belonged to impaired performance domain. Given that this schema is formed by parental behavior during childhood, therefore, one of the strategies can be training of parents to improve children’s confidence and not over caring of them.

The aim of the present study was to examine psychometric properties of the Schema Questionnaire, including reliability and validity in a sample of university students (n=387). The original version of the Schema Questionnaire was made for measuring the early maladaptive schemas by Young adults. It is assumed that early maladaptive schemas may lead to psychological disorders. The factor analysis of 205 item of the schema Questionnaire confirmed the Young's offered schemas. The Short Form of Schema Questionnaire (SQ-SF) is made for measuring of 15 early maladaptive schemas based on original version (Young, 1998). Factor analysis with principle component method extracted 11 factors in this study. Results of SCL-25 Questionnaire showed that the Schema Questionnaire- Short Form (SQ-SF) has enough construct validity for students of university population.

In this study, the character of Wahab in the novel "House of the Idrisians" has been investigated based on the theory of Jeffrey Young. The character of Wahab is analyzed based on the early maladaptive schemas and it is shown how the early maladaptive schemas affect Wahhab's perception of himself and others and how control Wahhab reaction to the environmental events. This article has tried to identify the most important causes of incompatible schemas in the character of the Wahhab and to determine which incompatibility schemas are more pronounced in Wahhab character. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the research data have been investigated using content analysis and documentary method. The results showed that the most important causes of the emergence of incompatibility schemas in Wahab are carelessness and neglect of her since his birAth, thus the most important emotional need, which includes the need for security, stability, love and acceptance, has not been satisfied in him. Among the five main schematic domains divided by Young, the second aspect" autonomy and impaired functioning" is more significant in the character of Wahhab and this aspect has emerged in the character of Wahab in the form of" dependency and undeveloped self, entangled and defeated".

Introduction: the Kantian schema is described as being disembodied and a basis for pure reason, while in the embodied model of mind in Cognitive Science schemas are the results of neural activities in the brain, however, some neurocognitive studies propose a correspondence between some parts of the Kantian model of cognition and some recent neurocognitive findings, e.g. the innateness of neural strata contributing partial perceptions of space is compared to the Kantian a priori space, but how perceptions nested in the neural strata, hence empirical, could be a priori.Method: this treatise tries to elaborate on the notion that the dual character of schema in the Kantian model of cognition, which maintains a relation between the pure reason and experience, could be applicable to the neurocognitive model of cognition and the rational and empirical views on image-schemas. The present paper is developed through an inductive method which is based on the empirical and experimental results reported from authenticated sources.Results: by redescribing the Kantian “a priori intuition” of space and time as “implicit, automatic, and necessary” perceptions of space and time, a correspondence between the Kantian and the neurocognitive models of cognition could be confirmed. Based on the distinction proposed between “schemas” of objects and primitive “image schemas” grounding abstract reason, schemas could correspond to the Kantian “concepts of objects” and image schemas to the Kantian “categories”.Conclusion: The present discussion puts the neurocognitive model of “embodied reason” in line with the Kantian “pure reason”.

Objectives: The present study was carried out to assess early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and schema domains in a sample of sexual offenders. Method: The subjects were divided into two groups of 34 (one group of sexual offenders and one group of normal individuals). The sample of sexual offenders was randomly selected from among Mashad prison inmates convicted of rape. Normal subjects who were selected according to GSI score in SCL-90-R were matched by age, marital status, occupation and education with the first group. The data were collected by Young Schema Questionnaire- Short Form (YSQ-SF) and were analyzed via t-test. Also, SCL-90-R was used for screening the normal group. Results: The mean score of early maladaptive schemas as well as the schema domains of sexual offenders were significantly higher than those of normal individuals (p<0.05). This discrepancy was mostly evident in vulnerability to harm or illness, subjugation, defectiveness/ shame; dependenc/ incompetence, entitlement/ grandiosity early maladaptive schemas and disconnection and rejection, Impaired autonomy and performance schema domain. There was no significant difference in self-sacrifice maladaptive schema (p<0.05). Conclusion: High scores in early maladaptive schema especially in disconnection/rejection and impaired autonomy/ performance schema domain could lead to the tendency to commit sexual offenses and rape.

Introduction: To manage the classroom, teachers face many problems and challenges in the field of unique and diverse educational, behavioral and emotional needs of themselves and learners. The aim of this study is to identify these challenges and to make a discourse to intervene and formulate the components that affect classroom management. Methods: The present study is developmental and applied in terms of purpose, and in order to implement a qualitative overlap, the method of content analysis and documentary analysis were used. The unit of analysis was the "coherent text" with the judged keyword "class management" (including 7 PhD. theses, two master's theses, 33 articles and 200 abstracts of English articles and 20 Persian articles) and the meaning unit was "related words or phrases" with class management. "Basic themes" were defined and simplified, the classification of codes led to the summarization and formation of "organizational themes" as "sub-factors" and finally by compression, "inclusive themes" were formed as "factors". The validity of elements that received a CVR score above 49% in the Special Assembly with the presence of 18 experts in the field of education were confirmed. Results: A review of the analysis units led to the enumeration of 2000 initial semantic codes and, subsequently, the identification of 12 intertwined component, including; "Philosophy", "Curriculum", "Human Interactions", "Management Principles", "Teacher Style", "Teacher Role", "Educational Programming", "Motivation", "Teacher Needed Knowledge", "Professional Development", "Teacher Characteristics" and "Learning Approaches" in the context and texture and their sub-factors. Conclusion: In order to optimally manage the classroom with the aim of informing, sensitizing and empowering the teacher, attention should be paid to the connection and coordination between the components, composition and accompaniment of the components with a holistic nature.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two therapeutic approaches, schema therapy and mindfulness, on early maladaptive schemas in students.   Methodology: This quasi-experimental study utilized a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population consisted of second-grade high school students in Tehran, from which 45 students were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15 students each) and a control group (15 students). The experimental groups participated in either schema therapy (8 sessions of 120 minutes each over 8 weeks) or mindfulness therapy (7 sessions of 90 minutes each over 7 weeks). The research instrument used was the Young Schema Questionnaire (1998), administered in both the pretest and posttest phases.   Findings: Analysis of covariance revealed that both therapeutic approaches led to a significant reduction in early maladaptive schemas compared to the control group. However, schema therapy was found to be more effective than mindfulness in improving these schemas, particularly in components such as emotional deprivation, abandonment, mistrust, social isolation, and defectiveness/shame.   Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that schema therapy, with its deeper focus on the cognitive and emotional roots of schemas, is more effective than mindfulness in improving and modifying early maladaptive schemas. Schema therapy can be considered a valuable approach for treating psychological disorders associated with early maladaptive schemas.