Effects of six levels of nitrogenous fertilizers (urea) on yield and total alkaloids content in different Organs of Physalis alkekengi were investigated. All experiments were performed at Medicinal Plants Research Station a branch of Yazd Province Research Center for Natural Resources and Animal Husbandry.Experiments were designed as a completely randomized blocks. Six levels of urea fertilizer namely, 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg/ha with three replicates were applied to the soil.Upto a certain level, there was a positive correlation between the amount of Napplied and the plants yield (leaves, stems and roots). The correlation between urea application and plants canopy and height was also positive.Whereas the highest plant yield was obtained with 150 kg urea/ha the maximum plant height was achieved with the application of 100 kg urea/ha. Any increase in the amount of N-fertilizer beyond 150 kg/ha had an adverse effect on plant yields.The total alkaloids content in leaves, fruits and roots were determined by yanevan method.Increasing the amount of urea resulted in an increase in total alkaloid content of leaves, fruits and roots.Application of urea at a rate of 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha caused the highest increase in total alkaloids. Since there was no significant difference (a= 0.01) among the means of alkaloids produced in these treatments, it was concluded that the highest alkaloids will be obtained by application of urea at a rate of 150 kg/ha.Increasing the amount of urea did not affect the rate of root expansion significantly. However, root depth decreased in response to urea application. The highest root depth was obtained in control (no urea) plants. This is in agreement that N-Fertilizers will mostly increase the amount of shoot rather than root system.

Plants of Solanaceae family have been of particular interest to man since past times, as medicinal herbs. Winter cherry (Physalis alkekengi) relating to this family has been proved to have biological effects on the female reproductive system. In order to study the probable effects of P. alkekengi on the male PG hormonal axis, we used the aqueous extract (1.5 dried fruit powder per ml) injected to male adult Balb/C mice. Intra peritonial injections of the extract were applied in all experiments in every other day doses of 7.5 g/kg and 9 g/kg for 3 weeks. After the last injection, serum samples were removed for hormonal assays (RIA). LH, FSH and Testosterone showed significant decreases in both treatments. It is suggested that water extract of P. alkekengi acts as LH and FSH Antagonists at the pitiutary level. Decreased LH has in turn prevented the secretion of testosteron. On the other hand the presence of steroid-like structures (Physalins) in the plant has probably interacted with testosteron biosynthesis. Analytical results (H-NMR and 13-C NMR) revealed the presense of Physalin F in the fruits of the plant.

The aim of this study was to compare the inter and intraperson perspective taking in preschool children. The sample included 70 boys and girls aged 3-7. Participants answered to three tasks (doll"s house, candy, beads). The results of the study revealed that the estimation of children"s in perspective taking depend on the kinds of task. In the other words if the task be related to children"s experiences, he/she will response to better (at this manner children take the other"s perspective easily). Also the results show that children in some tasks are not egocentric, and they can take the other"s perspective.

Background: Alkaloids are a group of nitrogen- containing natural compounds derived from a variety of sources including bacteria, fungi, marine organisms and plants. Materials and methods: Fruits, stem or leaves were collected from the Zagros highlands around Azna or Khoramabad city, dried and powdered before being extracted in a soxhalet apparatus. The extract was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. After a series of extraction process" the materials were filtered; the solvent was evaporated in order to reconstitute the extract in sterile normal saline. Antibacterial assays were performed using six standard (from ATCC) gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. Minimum Inhibitory (MIC) and Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were examined by broth micro dilution technique (1). The bacteria were cultured in Muller Hinton broth or agar (Merk, Germany) and growth (turbidity) or lack of growth was recorded. The experiments were repeated three times and means of values were reported. The results were compared with control antibiotics. Results: Alkaloid steroid extracted from sacchrarum officinarum showed significant activity against Entrococci fecalis and B. cerus (MIC=40 and MBC=600 µg/ml). Olenanthe fistulas had moderate activity against E coli, E. fecalis, B. cerus and s. epidermidis (MIC and MBC = 600µg/ml). Physalis alkekengi was active only on a few bacteria including B. cerus and E. coli. No were effective against Staph aureous and P. aeroginosa. Conclusion: It is feasible to study in vitro effects of steroid alkaloid extracts from some of the plants on animal trial.

In William Jensen’s Gradiva, an archeologist, Norbert Hanold, makes a statue modeled on an ancient relief. The statue which Hanold names Gradiva shows a woman in a walking stance. He develops a fondness for the statue and begins to search for a woman who can walk like Gradiva. Eventually he finds Zoe. Through her love and kindness towards Hanold, he recovers from his illness. In Sadegh Hedayat’s The Doll Behind The Curtain, Mehrdad sees a big statue in a shop-window in Paris. He is so fascinated by it that he buys the doll and brings it to Iran. Derakhshandeh, Mehrdads fiancee, understands his secret with the doll behind the curtain. Derakhshandeh also endeavours to cure Mehrdads illness through her genuine kindness, but eventually she herself becomes the victim of her own love. The paper discusses the profound similarities in the manners and feelings of the two characters.