In order to investigate the effect of humic acid, iron and silicon nanoparticles on quantitative and qualitative yield and filling components of wheat seed under salinity conditions, a factorial layout was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research greenhouse of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2021. Treatments included salinity levels (without salinity as a control, salinity of 35 and 70 mM by NaCl and without salinity as a control), foliar application of nanoparticles at four levels (no foliar application as a control, foliar application of 0.8 per liter of nano iron, 40 mg / l nanosilicon spraying, combined application of iron nanoparticles and silicon nanoparticles and no foliar application as a control) and humic acid spraying (spraying with water as a control and spraying 3 g/l. The results showed that combined application of humic acid and foliar application of 40 mg of iron and nanosilicon nanoparticles in the absence of salinity, increased maximum seed weight, seed filling rate, length and effective seed filling period, Spike length, 100-seed weight, plant height, number of seeds per spike, chlorophyll index (56.60, 1.183, 39, 58.45, 58.5, 39.53, 2.51, 70.6, and 57.57 respectively) and increased the yield of single plant (46.97%) compared to the conditions of non-application of humic acid and nano-oxides under the salinity of 70 mm of soil. Nanooxides (iron and silicon) can increase wheat seed yield of wheat under salinity stress conditions by improving seed filling components.

Introduction Salinity stress is an important abiotic stress threatening the production of cotton in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and the world, which can be reduced by the proper use of organic materials. Cotton is the most important fiber product, which is widely cultivated for agricultural and industrial purposes in temperate and hot regions of more than 15 countries of the world. Although cotton is known as a salinity-tolerant plant, not only is the resistance to salinity limited in this plant, but different stages of development also show different reactions to salinity. One of the effects of stress is disturbing the nutritional balance in the plant. Proper nutrition during times of stress can partially help the plant deal with various environmental stresses. In this regard, by using fertilizers containing micronutrient elements, firstly, plant yield increases, secondly, increasing the concentration of these elements in agricultural products plays an important role in improving the quality of food consumption. Using organic fertilizers, especially organic and animal manure such as humic acid, can improve the performance and performance components of different products under stress conditions.  Materials and Methods To study the effect of manure and humic acid on some of the physiological qualities of cotton under salt water salinity stress, an experiment was conducted as factorial split plots (factorial split plot) in which different levels of irrigation water salinity at three levels (2.5, 5.5 and 8.5 ds.m-1) as the main factor and two treatments of manure at two levels (0 and 20 t/h) and humic acid at two levels (0 and 200 gr/100 kg of seeds) as sub-factor in 4 replications in a farm located in Boshrouyeh city in 1398 years. The software SAS (V9.1) and Excel were used to analyze the data and draw the figures. Means were compared using the FLSD test at a 5% probability level. Results and Discussion Analysis of variance results showed that the simple effects of three experimental factors (salinity stress, manure, and humic acid) were significant on all studied traits (on the relative water content, Electrical conductivity and membrane stability, chlorophyll a and b contents, and proline content). With increasing salinity level, increased proline content (286.5%), membrane Electrical conductivity (4.2%) and carotenoids (88.79%) and decreased chlorophyll a (20.7 1 %) and b content (39.38%), relative water content (23.16%) and membrane stability (13.54%). The application of animal manure and humic acid increased the relative water content, membrane stability and chlorophyll content under stress conditions, which indicates the modifying effect of these fertilizers in reducing the adverse effects of salinity stress. The interaction effects were significant, too. Conclusion The results of this research showed that the use of water with high salinity, such as salinity of 8 ds.m-1, caused significant changes in the physiological traits of the plant, including relative leaf water content, membrane stability, membrane electrolyte leakage, chlorophylls, and proline. With increasing salinity levels, the amount of proline, membrane electrolyte leakage, and carotenoid increased, and the content of chlorophyll a and b, relative water content, and membrane stability decreased. The application of animal manure and humic acid increased the relative water content, membrane stability, and chlorophyll content under stress conditions, which indicates the moderating effect of these fertilizers in reducing the adverse effects of salinity stress. Considering the positive effects of using organic fertilizers in this experiment, it is recommended to test and investigate the use of humic acid during the growing season in addition to the use of animal manure before planting and the use of humic acid in bulk Thus, it is suggested to use humic acid and animal manure in cotton cultivation to adjust the salinity levels.

IntroductionMedicinal plants are one of the most valuable resources in Iran's wide range of natural resources, which can play an important role in society's health, job creation, and non-oil exports if they are scientifically recognized, cultivated, developed, and exploited properly. Iran is considered one of the world's best regions in terms of climate, geographical location, and medicinal plant growth, and it has been a source of production and consumption of medicinal plants in the past. Lemon balm is generally used in traditional medicine to treat digestive problems, pain, and mental disorders. Drought stress is one of the most serious and widespread problems that limit plant productivity because it negatively affects plant physiology. The effects of drought stress depend on the duration, intensity and stage of growth and the genetic tolerance capacity of plants, which can reduce the growth of plants. It causes a change in morphological and physiological structures and the pattern of biomass distribution or even death.Materials and MethodsTo study the effect of foliar different growth stimulants on the growth characteristics and essential oil of balm at different levels of drought stress, an experiment was carried out in the crop year 2021. The experiment was a split plot based on randomized complete blocks with four replications, where different levels of irrigation include irrigation after 80, 60, and 40 percent of the field crop capacity (FC) in the main plots and foliar application of different growth stimulants including control, melatonin, amino acid, and folic acid were placed in sub-plots. In this research, total chlorophyll, dry matter yield, relative water content, phenoline content, soluble sugars, essential oil content, essential oil yield, total phenol, and flavonoid were measured. The data obtained from the experiment was analyzed using SAS.9.4 software. The obtaineds averages were statistically compared using Duncan's method (LSR) and at the five percent probability level.Results and DiscussionThe results of variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of irrigation and foliar spraying on growth stimulants on all investigated traits were significant at the probability level of 1%. There was a significant difference between the interaction treatments in terms of chlorophyll content, proline content, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield, and flavonoid content at the probability level of one percent and in terms of relative leaf water content, dry matter yield, soluble sugars content and total phenol content at the probability level of five percent. The results showed the highest chlorophyll content (2.25 mg g-1 FW), relative leaf water content (88.12 percent), and dry matter yield (793.79 kg ha-1) was recorded in melatonin foliar application and irrigation of 80% of FC treatments. Also, the highest essential oil content (0.81%) and essential oil yield (6.46 kg ha-1) were observed in treating foliar application with melatonin under the irrigation treatment of 60% FC. This study allocated the highest total phenol content to melatonin foliar application at 40% of the FC conditions. In this study, 40% FC irrigation treatment increased the flavonoid content by 29.90% and 93.23%, respectively, compared to 60% and 80% FC. Furthermore, foliar application of melatonin, proline amino acid, and folic acid increased the flavonoid content compared to the control treatment by 17.64, 23.35 and 32.35%, respectively.ConclusionIn this study, melatonin foliar application in all three irrigation conditions increased essential oil yield compared to the corresponding control. Under irrigation and foliar spraying of melatonin, the synthesis of secondary metabolites and essential oil has been accelerated and produced the maximum yield of essential oil. Therefore, foliar spraying of melatonin and mild water deficit stress can be recommended to achieve maximum economic yield in Lemon balm.

Introduction[1]Avena ludoviciana L., also known as wild oat, is the predominant grass weed in Iranian agricultural systems. In Iran, the most prevalent approach for managing wild oats is the use of herbicides. Sethoxydim is a herbicide that is specifically designed to be applied after the emergence of weeds and is absorbed by the leaves. It belongs to a series of herbicides called aryloxy phenoxy propionates (AOPP). Sethoxydim has been approved for use on a wide range of broad-leaved crops. Currently, the chlorophyll fluorescence approach is employed as a precise and cost-efficient method in herbicide research. The chlorophyll fluorescence method is a non-destructive technique that is highly sensitive, fast, and easy to detect. It provides crucial information on the photosynthetic mechanism, allowing researchers to promptly assess herbicide efficacy before visible symptoms manifest in plants. An essential aspect of this approach is to reduce the duration of the screening session. While evaluating the impacts of herbicides with non-photosynthetic mode of action may take longer than evaluating herbicides that limit photosynthesis, it still requires significantly less time compared to the previous method. Hence, this study was conducted to examine the variations in the Katsky curve and establish the correlation between the curve parameters and dry weight. The objective was to assess the impact of utilizing vegetable oils on the efficacy of setoxydim in controlling wild oats, while also evaluating the feasibility of employing this approach. Materials and Methods In order to overcome the dormancy of wild oat seeds prior to conducting the experiment, the outer covering of the caryopsis fruits was removed and the seeds were then placed on a single layer of Whatman no. 1 filter paper in 11 cm diameter Petri dishes. Each Petri plate was supplemented with 10 ml of a potassium nitrate (KNO3) solution with a concentration of 2 grams per liter. An experiment was conducted in 2012 at the Research Greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad to discover the early effects of vegetable oils on the efficiency of sethoxydim in controlling wild oat. The Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were assessed using the PEA Plus instrument at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days after applying the sethoxydim herbicide, both with and without vegetable oils. During the one-leaf stage, the seedlings were reduced to four seedlings per pot and a solution containing 3 grams per liter of N:P:K fertilizer (20:20:20) was given to each pot. The plants were subjected to treatment at the four-leaf stage using a mobile rail sprayer that was fitted with a standard blower nozzle (8004) with an output of 238 L ha-1 and a spray pressure of 200 kPa. The test treatments include of different concentrations of the herbicide cetoxydim, specifically 0, 22.5, 46.8, 93.75, 187.5, 281.25, and 375 g ha-1. These concentrations are applied at ten different levels. 1) Excluding vegetable oil and other types of vegetable oils: The following crops were replicated three times: 2) Turnip, 3) soybean, 4) cotton seed, 5) sunflower, 6) olive, 7) castor, 8) sesame, 9) corn, and 10) rapeseed. To make each vegetable oil, an emulsifier called Cytogate adjuvant was added at a concentration of 0.05%. Each sample of vegetable oils, which contained emulsifiers, was used in a volume of five percent (equivalent to five per thousand). After four weeks after administering the treatments, the above-ground sections of both control and treated plants were taken from the surface of the pots. The dry weight of plants was recorded and used to fit the dose response curves using the R software. Results and DiscussionInhibiting acetyl CoA carboxylase results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause damage to the electron transport chain between PSII and PSI. The degradation mentioned here affects the chlorophyll fluorescence, perhaps enabling the measurement of herbicide effectiveness by assessing the maximal quantum efficiency of PSII. Chlorophyll fluorescence can serve as a useful tool for detecting the effectiveness of herbicides that have different modes of action, such as acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase inhibitors, phenoxy compounds, and glyphosate. The overall results indicated a decrease in the values of Fv/Fm, Fvj, and area parameters across all treatments. The treatments were ranked in decreasing order of their diminishing effects intensity as follows: turnip > olive > soybean > corn > sunflower > canola > sesame > castor > cotton > sethoxydim without oil. These findings were in line with the alterations in dry weight caused by the application of vegetable oils. Based on the experiment's findings, the parameters Fv/Fm, Fvj, and Area can be utilized to evaluate and compare the growing effects of vegetable oils on the efficiency of sethoxydim in controlling wild oat. ConclusionChlorophyll fluorescence investigations can serve as a substitute for classical screening approaches, as supported by existing knowledge and experimental proof. This procedure is non-destructive, very sensitive, and rapid compared to standard screening methods. This research showed that the chlorophyll fluorescence approach requires less time compared to standard screening methods. The utilization of the chlorophyll fluorescence approach is likely to be enhanced in future herbicide bioassay investigations. Based on the correlation between dry weight and fluorescence characteristics, it is possible to utilize chlorophyll fluorescence to reduce the time required for analyzing the effectiveness of herbicides.