The main question is what is pathos and what can it have to do with art? Pathos is one of the concepts that are very important in Aristotle's thought. To the extent that contemporary researches emphasize the importance of the pathos and its fundamental role in the reading of Aristotle’ s thought. Heidegger was one of the first scholars to pay attention to Pathos in contemporary times. Subsequently, the French phenomenologist Michel Henry has been critical of Heidegger in his relation to Aristotle, and the theoretical origins of this article are rooted in Henry's ideas about Pathos. Michelle Henry has a critical reading of Heidegger and Husserl and calls his phenomenology “ Phenomenology of life” . He believes that real life is invisible and the secret meaning of life is as a pathos that can only be experienced within. According to Henry, art, especially abstract art, has been able to show this invisible meaning. Unlike Heidegger, he places the essence of art in life, not in the world. Henry traces the origins of “ Pathos” to Greece, but the meaning he derives from it differs from its conventional historical view. In Henry's reading of Pathos, the pain and suffering that comes with Aristotle's work becomes the idea of liberation and pleasure. In the end, he views Pathos as a pain and pleasure that liberates and promotes it and places it at the center of human life, believing that some works of art can best represent it. For this reason, for an artist like Kandinsky, Henry is someone who looks at the world and phenomena more deeply than other artists and can reflect on the inner experience in his work.

AbstractIn this article, we examine the concepts of attunement and fundamental attunement in relation to Aristotelian pathos, and in this way, we are guided to a positive and moodiness’ education. Therefore, we examine the concept of pathos and with Heidegger's interpretation of pathos, we arrive at action affected and at the same time active, which draws the fundamental existenzial attunement in which behavior-action is raised in the projective context by being influenced by things, people and the surrounding world. With this consideration, basic feelings and attunement are presented as basic things that cause awakening and moving towards another possibility of Being. Therefore, according to Heidegger's teachings, moodiness’ education , by considering of fundamental attunement as essential, understands education in the context of worldhood, relation to things and others and yes-saying to possibilities which makes possible a better understanding then causes openness to Being and numerous possibilities of moodiness’ education.Keywords:  Attunement, fundamental attunement, pathos, moodiness’ education, concernful.IntroductionAccording to Heidegger, attunement (Befindlichkeit) and fundamental attunement (Grundstimmung) are fundamental existenzials that show the effect and influence of Dasein. Therefore, Heidegger intends to understand feelings and passivities in a fundamental way, because "the fundamental ontological interpretation of affect since the time of Aristotle has not been it has not taken a remarkable step forward. On the contrary, impressions and feelings are classified under sensual phenomena in terms of subject and play a role in the third level and often along with imagination and will. In this way, they descend to the category of secondary phenomena" (Heidegger, 1389: 186). Materials & methods The aim is to study of dimensions and meanings of Heidegger's fundamental attunement and therefore the basis of the moodiness’ education plan with descriptive and phenomenological methods. Now, in order to thematization, it is necessary to reveal the effects in all its aspects. Heidegger does not neglect the ontic side of the influences, firstly, the starting point of the ontological analysis, in turn, is based on the ontic matter, and he leaves the attribution with the existing and ontic reality to the ontological foundations. Secondly Heidegger, as a phenomenologist, starts from the phenomenon that first and foremost reveals it in its daily life. Therefore, "at the beginning of our analysis, we should not interpret Dasein in a way that differentiates it from certain existence, but we should discover it in its non-differentiation that appears in the first place and often. It is not that this difference of everydayness (Alltäglichkeit) is nothing, but it is the characteristic of positive phenomena" (Heidegger, 1389: 59-60) and thirdly, that we should deal with feelings and impressions from the place where metaphysical overcoming systematically started from there overcoming which has pushed back every day and ontic feelings and emotions then has caused the blocking of the ontological aspect from the beginning. Discussion & Result Education is affected by various matters, but when we base education on the ultimate goals or pre-formed nature such as subject-oriented or ontology, the factors that are effective are practically ignored. Metaphysical issues determine education on a certain basis and put any influencing matter outside of the system and necessarily consider life under a particular state as final. This causes the opening to existence to be blocked and something like education towards the ultimate goals and specific nature becomes meaningful. Here, first of all, the ontology of education should be mentioned in order to understand ontic education based on ontology. Such an encounter requires the destruction of metaphysical thinking in order to open up a possibility. Heidegger's thinking, according to his understanding of ontology and returning it to the fundamental question of existence, is a thinking that can create factors in the educational system so that the possibilities that cannot be seen and heard become visible and audible. For this purpose, Heidegger first makes affectability fundamental and then transforms mood and attunement from an ontic state into existential and fundamental things, so that another possibility of Being is opened from its beginning. ​ ConclusionAccording to Heidegger's teachings, the movement from Aristotelian pathos to attunement and fundamental attunement causes the release of hidden dimension that are effective in education. Such an encounter causes the influence of things and others to be understood in basic education, and at the same time, the concept of action in the sense of affected action (projected thrownness) is possible and prepared. This is alien to the concept of a free, unworldly and unmoodness subject. Attitude education means education that is formed in relation to moods, feelings and the environmental world. This kind of education is essentially based on Being because the basic influences and fundamental attunement, as the subjective thinking, are not supposed to beat the trainee-mentor with certain and unshakable truths, but rather it is supposed to allow the trainee and the trainer to express themselves in their own way and based on their existence and moods. By being open to their history, tradition and history, moodiness’ teachers and trainers have also opened to new (ontic) knowledge. In addition, moodiness’ education is a thoughtful education because he understands its reality and is a planner in being affected and thrown. A moodiness’ thinking about what it has, what it is, and what is coming to it, and it understands deep boredom and anxiety as a condition that makes another beginning possible, which pulls us from the heart of our lived life to another projection.

Unofficial settlements are one of the unsustainability backgrounds especially in developing countries, and have been formed due to the inability of urban policies to solve housing problems for vulnerable sections of society and migrations control. Informal settlements are associated with aggregation of low-income people and often with informal occupations and unstable urbanization, so that underlie many social pathos. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting social pathos caused by informal settlements and their status in informal neighborhood of Islamabad in Zanjan city. The research method is exploratory-analytical and the data were collected through library studies and questionnaire. The number of statistical sample consists of 382 people of Islamabad neighborhood settlers. The research indicators are structured in the form of six dimensions of social pathos including economic, environmental, socio-cultural, familial, individual-psychological and managerial as researcher-made, and have been adjusted by studying the research background and theories and social pathos approaches. Factor analysis, single sample t test, multiple linear regression test and ANP integrated analysis model were used for data analysis. The findings show that the most important reinforcementing factors to social pathos in Islamabad neighborhood are unemployment (with coefficient of 0. 980), inequality (with coefficient of 0. 988), and unequal distribution of wealth (with coefficient of 0. 978). "Socio-cultural" (with the coefficient β = 0. 627) have the highest correlation with the spread of social pathos. Means, as social-cultural conditions weaken in society, social pathos also spread. Extended abstract Introduction: Informal settlements as instability backgrounds of urban development, especially in developing countries, while creating a chaotic landscape in a particular part of the city, impose widespread social, economic and cultural damages on the whole city. So that there is a high percentage of illiteracy, unemployment, crime and mental disorders in these areas. Accordingly, informal housing is considered as one of the bases for social pathos and anomalies. The aforementioned pathos and anomalies can gradually disrupt the process of social life in the city, thus making urban management face with difficulty. In this regard, the present study is a scientific attempt to explain the interrelationships, mutual relationships and interactions between social structures and physical structures in the emergence of urban problems and pathos through understanding and analyzing the spatial patterns of human behavior and social pathos in Islamabad Neighborhood of Zanjan as one of the largest informal settlements in the city. Therefore, identifying the factors affecting the social pathos caused by the suburbs and their status in this area is the main issue of this study. Accordingly, the present study sought to answer these questions: What are the factors affecting the spread of social pathos in the informal neighborhood of Islamabad? What is the status of each of the factors affecting the spread of social pathos in the informal Neighborhood of Islamabad? Methodology: The present research is based on a retrospective strategy and it is an exploratory-analytical research. The statistical population of the study was the population of Islamabad neighborhood of Zanjan which was 35820 people in 1395. Then, using Morgan sampling method, 382 people were selected as the statistical sample for interviewing and distributing the questionnaire. The research indicators are research made and have been formulated in the form of six dimensions of social pathos including economic, socio-cultural, familial, environmental, individual-psychological and managerial and have been adjusted by background research and theories and approaches on social pathos. The required data and information were collected through library and field studies and questionnaire were used. Data analysis was performed through factor analysis test, single sample t test, multiple linear regression test and ANP integrated analysis model. SPSS and Expert Choice software were used to analyze the data. Results and discussion: Survey of social pathos indicators based on factor analysis shows that most of the indicators and items of the research have higher than average factor score. As a result, the coefficients are of great importance in identifying social pathos from the statistical sample point of view. In this regard, economic indicators are the most important regenerator factors to social pathos in Islamabad neighborhood. According to the one-sample t-test, the average effect of indicators on the spread of social pathos in Islamabad neighborhood is 3. 33. That is, on average, research indicators have a spreading impact on social pathos. A more detailed analysis of the indicators shows that each of these components does not have the same or similar effect on the neighborhood, the results of the single-sample T-test, and its generalization to the entire Islamabad neighborhood, show a significant impact of economic factors (t = 22. 9) on the spreading of social pathos in the neighborhood. According to the results of multiple linear regression tests, the coefficient of R2 is 0. 692 and R is 0. 696. Therefore, it can be said that the relationship of economic, socio-cultural, familial, environmental, individual-psychological and managerial components with social pathos is high and acceptable. Since the significance level is less than 0. 05, there is a significant relationship between the above indicators and the spread of social pathos, and the "socio-cultural" indicators with the coefficient (β = 0. 627) had the highest correlation with social pathos. In addition, given the R value, it can be said that the six factors contributing to the spread of social pathos accounted for 69% of the social pathos variable in Zanjan in Islamabad neighborhood. Integrated analysis of social pathos status with ANP model shows that familial and economic components have a favorable status and high importance, managerial, environmental and social components have a poor status and high importance, the individual-psychological component has a favorable status but low importance. Conclusion: According to the results, economic indicators have gained the most score and from the statistical sample point of view, these indicators are the most effective component in spreading social pathos in Islamabad neighborhood. While the most researches on informal settlements emphasize the role of managerial factors, particularly physical management, some studies also emphasize the role of social and cultural factors, especially the familial, and its problems in the spread of social pathos. As such, it cannot be considered just a factor contributing to the spread of social pathos in society. Regarding the organized and pervasive relationships of urban phenomena and elements with each other, a variety of factors in relation to each other leads to the creation of a structural-functional urban space, which is subsequently influenced by the space. Also, given the moderate spread of social pathos, the current process shows that from the residents’ viewpoint, social pathos have the worse status and the statistical community is more concerned about these conditions. In addition, a more detailed analysis of the indicators affecting social vulnerability suggests that socio-cultural indicators have the highest correlation with social pathos. This trend shows that due to poor urban management and lack of social services in informal settlements, families with numerous economic and family problems and sometimes family members' illnesses, migrate to these neighborhoods. And because of the cheap land and housing, Poor people with limited ability to solve socio-economic problems reside in these neighborhoods. In addition, the integrated analysis based on the ANP model indicates that the familial and economic factors have the greatest impact on the spread of social pathos with the coefficient of importance and the type of relationship and the impact on the indicators.

The main issue in this paper is why the planning system in Iran with more than seven decades of planning experience has not been able to remove the obstacles to accelerate the development. To answer this important question, the pathology of the planning system is examined from two dimensions: Its stages (preparation and compiling (prerequisite, structure, process and product), approval, pre-implementation, implementation and Supervision and evaluation) and its source (inside and outside the organization). Causal relationships between identified disadvantages based on the effectiveness matrix obtained and root disadvantages has been extracted using the 5-Why technique. The results show that the root disadvantages of the planning system are: "Lack of common understanding of concepts by planners, policy makers and implementers", "The rule of centralized and non-participatory methods in planning", "Lack of mechanism for resolving conflicts of interest between program elites", "Rigidity in considering the situation and not paying attention to possible scenarios in the future", "Failure to prepare an action plan and link it to the approved plan", "Existence of sectorial-regional and local orientations in the approval of programs", "Relying on government resources and not paying attention to internal and external capacities and resources", "Lack of attention of the planning system to the system of reform and adjustment in policies, goals and executive plans after monitoring and evaluation" and "severe weakness of regulatory mechanisms". Also, suggestions have been made to policy makers and planners to design an optimal planning system. The results show that "Lack of common understanding of concepts by planners, policy makers and implementers", "The rule of centralized and non-participatory methods in planning", "Lack of mechanism for resolving conflicts of interest between program elites", "Stable in considering the situation and not paying attention to possible scenarios in the future", "Failure to prepare an action plan and link it to the approved plan", "Existence of sectoral-regional and local orientations in the approval of programs", "Relying on government resources and not paying attention to internal and external capacities and resources", "Lack of attention of the planning system to the system of reform and adjustment in policies, goals and executive plans after monitoring and evaluation" and "severe weakness of regulatory mechanisms" are the root damage of the planning system. Also, suggestions have been made to policy makers and planners to design an optimal planning system.

Sometimes, the city has not a good function. Some problems appear along by urban development. These problems consisted of economic, cultural, political, social and anatomical inadequacy. The urban issues and damages are created due to lack of balance between urban facilities and urban population and they are intensified due to their weak relation with development and lack of modern urban management. The main goal of this research is detection of urban problems and pathos in Iran and determination of its priority concerning importance and sensitiveness which is performed in the city of Gorgan as case study. The research is descriptive type and is performed by survey study. The statistical population of the research includes three groups of institutions managers, elites and citizens. The population of research sample was 381 persons who were gained by the methods non-probably sampling (purposed) and non-probably (Quota) for elites and citizens. The results of this research indicates that; poverty, unemployment, false occupations, immigration, beggarliness and housing are among the most important urban economic damages; and addiction, marginal settlements, divorce, street children, robbery, street harassment, vandalism, murder, citizenship rights violation, violence and public security are among important urban social damages; and fashion pursuing, bad dressing, tribalism, cultural conflicts and educational abnormality were among important cultural damages; and at last, traffic, pollution and convenient situation of pathways and asphalts were among most important physical issues and problems of the city. Also issues like unemployment, addiction, fashion pursuing and inconvenient situation of asphalts and urban pathways are the first priority of economic, social, cultural and physical problems of the city.

Pathos is one of those concepts that mostly underestimated its importance versus other Aristotelian concepts. It can be observed that pathos frequently explained in twofold relations and in that sense pathos' s importance neglected vis-a-vis other twofold concept. One of the most important of those twofold relations is Logos - Pathos that exiles Pathos to the illogical territory and curb its implications to the feelings and passivity. In contemporary research we see that researchers stressed on Pathos as a fundamental concept to Aristotle's reading. The reason for recent stressing is that researchers read pathos in relation to Kinesis (change, motion). This new vision on Pathos takes it necessary to any kind of change and motion. For that reason, Pathos is not definite by illogical and sensitive territory. This article tries to deconstruct the twofold relation between Logos - Pathos and on the other hand to recognition Poetics intentionality with taking advantage of Pathos's concept.

Social deviance and pathos exist in every community. Difference are only in number and extent. These issues in our country in the past decade was increased. This articles attempts to examine situation of social deviances and how they influences community security. So research intended social deviances and social pathos are Synonymous. Similarly no different seen between deviances and crimes. Hypothesis of article is social and Pathos make insecurity in every country.

“Groupwork” is a series of conscious, united and coordinated efforts of a team in order to achieve a common goal or goals and also synergy is its subsequent; the subject that always has been a social concern and a key issue in the country’s organizations. Hence, the main purpose of the present study is pathology of teamwork in organizations that used the three-branched model including behavioral, structural and environmental pathos for categorizing the pathos.The present study is quantitative regarding to data type, exploratory regarding to objective and practical regarding to result. Statistical community of the research consisted of personnel of an NGO that works in teamwork frames and its activities are performed in groups. Sampling method was random cluster one; the sample size was 384 persons with confidence level of 99% and research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire.The results showed that pathos in the way of realization of teamwork consist of 48 indexes. Indexes of “lack of performance measuring system”, “lack of teamwork training”, “insufficient understanding of organization work environment”, “unresolved conflicts in group” and “not measurability of objectives” were recognized as themost important pathos and“lack of loyalty between group members and leader”, “formal and uncomfortable environment in group” and “lack of confidence between group members and leader” were recognized as the less important pathos. While there was no significant deference between the view of respondents to structural and environmental pathos with different ages, respondents under 30 years old emphasized on behavioral pathos of teamwork more than other respondents.

Today, threats are tended to exercise soft power. Soft threats are more desirable since their much less costs, their effects on soft elements of national authority, application of non-violent methods and so on. Therefore, it’ s obvious that pathology would be a matter of importance in preventing and confronting with such threats. In this essay, the relation between pathos and threats is studied both generally, and especially in the case of sanction resolutions against I. R. Iran. In the first step of this process, terminology of research (terms like security, threat, pathos and pathology) are defined; and then, a review of the history of sanctions against I. R. Iran is presented to clarify the impacts of sanctions on the countries on both sides. Finally, regarding the terminology, and assuming sanctions as a threat for Iran, pathos and paradigms of confronting them is discussed.

Introduction and statement of the problem: Sayyed Hassan Nasrullah is the third Secretary-General of Hezbollah and the leader of its military arm “ The Islamic Resistance” as well. He held this position after the assassination by the Israeli army of his predecessor, Sayyed Abbas Al-Mosawi, in February 1992 (Alagha, 2006). Nasrullah is considered the official mouthpiece of his organisation and his speeches constitute a part of Hezbollah's discourse and the discourse of its military arm (El Zein, 2015). There are studies investigating the speeches of Nasrullah (e. g. Bazzi, 2009; Lahlali, 2012; Matar, 2010). However, these studies do not consider the extemporaneity in the majority of Nasrullah’ s speeches and their rhetoric. Although Matar (2010) attempted to study Nasrullah's rhetoric in a sample of speeches, she did not shed light on their rhetorical triangle-ethos, logos and pathos. Thus, the problem is represented by the dearth of research into the rhetorical triangle and signs in his speeches. In this vein, this paper aims to bridge the gap in this field and answers the question: what is the rhetorical triangle in Nasrullah's speeches and its implication? Theoretical background: In analyzing a sample of Nasrullah's speeches, this paper considers Framing, which emerged in political communication, "as an extension of agenda-setting theory" (Scheufele and Tewksbury, 2007 p. 11). It refers "to the selection and salience of particular aspects of an issue rather than to the issue itself" (Entman, cited in Scheufele, 1999, p. 107). In this regard, this theory allows us to understand how Nasrullah addresses his audience because the core assumption of this theory shows how the addresser shapes its discourse about an issue in a certain way. It considers and describes the external and internal factors that have an impact on creating this discourse (Scheufele & Tewksbury, 2007). In this vein, David Snow (cited in McAdam et al., 1996) defines Framing as, “ the conscious strategic efforts by groups of people to fashion shared understandings of the world and of themselves that legitimate and motivate collective action” (p. 6). Thus, the analysis of Nasrullah's speeches pays attention to the internal factors, which shape his discourse and present it in a language that reflects the ideology of Hezbollah and its worldview. Methodology: This paper considers Van Dijk (cited in Fairclough, 1995) who found that the analysis of discourse is concerned with its macro-and microstructure, or in other words the analysis of its schematic and thematic structures. "The macrostructure of a text is its overall organization in terms of themes or topics. It is a hierarchical organization, in the sense that we can identify the theme of a whole text" (Fairclough, 1995, p. 29). However, the microstructure of a text is its overall content, and the analysis focuses on units, such as its syntactic structure, lexical choices, semantic relations and rhetorical features (Fairclough, 1995). In analysing the macrostructure of Nasrullah's speeches, this paper points to their contexts and general structure and provides background information about Nasrullah. To analyse the microstructure of Nasrullah's speeches, this paper employs rhetoric to illuminate the mode of persuasion. As it is “ often associated with the art of persuasion, rhetoric is typically defined as an integral moment of policy making, and the idea of rhetoric points to the necessity to convince, persuade, and communicate efficiently in the context of shaping and implementing public policies” (Gottweis, 2007, p. 240). In studying rhetoric, researchers can study the notions of ethos, logos and pathos to illuminate the efficiency of the speech (Demirdö ğ en, 2010). Ethos means the ability of the speaker to persuade and it is generally linked to charisma, pathos means the embedded passions in the speech towards the addressees and logos means the speaker’ s use of arguments in the speech (Demirdö ğ en, 2010; Gottweis, 2007). Findings: This paper has pointed to the macrostructure of Nasrullah's speeches, this paper delved in the microstructure of the archival speeches chosen for analysis to identify the rhetorical triangle-ethos, logos and pathos and to interpret the denotations of a number of meaningful triadic visual signs in these speeches. This paper has found that the components of rhetorical triangle are correlated altogether to achieve the ultimate goal of Nasrullah and his organisation by calling for struggle against Israel because the speeches hinge around the significance of resistance to face the Israeli army and liberate the occupied territories. Within this rhetorical strategy, Nasrullah uses his charisma and his argumentative ability to mobilise the Lebanese and the Arabs for this struggle and to demoralise the spirits of the Israelis in the context of psychological warfare. In this regard, the paper found that the structure of power in Nasrullah's speeches links between the power of faith and the power of science, focusing further on achieving the victory by grabbing the raison d'ê tre of military capabilities to subjugate Israel. Thus, these speeches that express the core discourse of Hezbollah intertwine knowledge and power and this aligns with Foucauldian understanding of discourse.