Aim of this research was investigating of the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on the working memory in athletes and nonathletes. To this end, 48 persons (18-30 years) purposefully was selected and was equally assigned into two athletes and nonathletes groups. Then, each group was randomly divided to tow actual and artificial stimulation sub-groups. The actual and sham stimulation presented with 2 mA electric current intensity for 20 minutes within three sessions. N-back computer task was used to measure working memory. The results showed the athlete's group rather than nonathlete and the actual stimulation group compared to the Sham group had better performance. The athlete group progressed in the actual stimulation in the post-test. Direct electrical stimulation of the brain so that anodal stimulation on left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and catodal stimulation on right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improve of working memory in athlete.

Introduction: Since the anxiety is one of the effective factors in athletes, The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on reducing anxiety in Martial Athletes. Materials and Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all Martial Athletes in Ardabil in 2022. 30 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned in experimental and control group (15 people in each group). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was implemented in 10 sessions, each session lasting 20 minutes, but the control group received no training. Data was collected using State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire (Moritz, 1990), which were administered in two stages of pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the posttest scores of the experimental group compared to the control group. In other words, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) led to a significant increase in the selfconfidence scores and a significant decrease in the physical and cognitive anxiety scores of the athletes (P<0. 05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the treatment of transcranial direct current stimulation is an effective intervention on reducing anxiety in Martial Athletes and is a suitable, low-cost and accessible way that athletes can use.

Concentration is an important rool in shooting. Some consider the ability to concentrate to be a natural and inherent talent of athletes, while these abilities are not innate and are skills that athletes can acquire through practice and learning. The use of direct brain electrical stimulation is one of the ways of concentration enhancement. This study focused on effect of Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the concentration and numerical results of 16 to 26 years old pistol shooters in Isfahan. This study included 30 subjects (both male and female) whom divided into two 15 experimental and control group. At the beginning of the study, subjects of both groups were subjected to a pretest including a stroop test and a complete 60 shot form done by SCATT device. Then the experimental group went under the influence of tDCS from the T3 and CZ regions for 20 minutes with voltage of 1 mA per day and it continued for 10 sessions. All subjects were subjected to post-test, which was similar to the pre-test after the end of study and 7 days later. All Data was analyzed by SPSS. The results showed that Transcranial direct current stimulation had a significant effect on the concentration and the results of the pistol shooters. The outcomes of both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (P <0. 05) indicated that tDCS had a significant effect on pistol shooter's numerical results and concentration and the issues improved by using tDCS.

Background & Objectives: Borderline personality disorder is a complex mental disorder characterized by pervasive instability of self–concept, emotions, and behavior. The inability to regulate emotion in this disorder may be related to cognitive impairment because cognitive function modulates emotional reactions as a response to environmental stimuli. Studies that have been conducted to investigate the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on borderline personality disorder have reported conflicting results on the impact of this type of stimulation. Studies that investigate the effect of tDCS on borderline personality disorder are rare. Of course, no study has been reported to investigate the effect of this type of treatment on emotion regulation in borderline personality disorder. So, the purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of tDCS on emotion regulation in patients with borderline personality disorder. Methods: This study method was a quasi–experimental intervention type with a pretest–posttest design and a control group. The statistical population included patients with borderline personality disorder aged 30 to 45 from Taft City, Iran, who were referred to psychiatric clinics in Yazd City, Iran. Among the community members, 30 available qualified volunteers entered the study, and 15 of them were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 15 to the control group. The inclusion criteria were having a borderline personality disorder and psychiatrist's approval, an age range of 30 to 45 years, not using other treatment methods such as drug therapy and psychotherapy. The exclusion criteria included absence from a session of tDCS and failure to complete the questionnaire during the study. Each person completed the consent form to participate in the research. The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) (Gratz & Romer, 2004) compared emotion regulation variable scores before and after tDCS. Data analysis was done using covariance analysis in SPSS version 17. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05. Results: The analysis of covariance by adjusting the effect of the pretest showed a significant difference in the average emotion regulation between the intervention group receiving tDCS and the control group without any intervention in the posttest (p<0.001). Also, the results related to the effect size indicated that 61% of the difference between the intervention and control groups in the emotion regulation variable was due to the implementation of tDCS. Conclusion: According to the findings, tDCS has a significant effect on the improvement of emotion regulation of patients with borderline personality disorder. So, tDCS can be used as a complementary treatment to improve emotion regulation in patients with borderline personality disorder.

Background and Aims: Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) have poor sensory motor function compared to healthy children. Poor motor performance in daily activities is not consistent with the child’ s age and intelligence, and is not due to medical condition. DCD is one of the most prominent impairments in the development of motor skills in preschool and elementary children. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of transcranial electrical stimulation and selected exercises on balance in children with developmental coordination disorder in different sensory conditions. Materials and Methods: An experimental study with pre– posttest design and control group was conducted on 20 children, 7 to 14 years old, who were randomly divided into intervention and control groups after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After examining the participants’ balance evaluated by Sensory Organizing Test of Computerized Dynamic Posturorghraphy apparatus in six different sensory modes, the intervention group underwent transcutaneous electrical stimulation and motor program for 8 sessions and 3 sessions per week, and the control group received mock electrical stimulation and motor program. Next, the post-test was performed to evaluate the balance performance between the two groups. Results: The results of the study showed that the two groups have significant differences in Normal Vision and Fixed Support (P = 0. 001), Absent Vision and Fixed Support (P = 0. 006), Sway-Referenced Vision and Fixed Support (P = 0. 023), condition Normal Vision and Sway-Referenced Support (P = 0. 007), and Sway-Referenced Vision and Sway-Referenced Support (P = 0. 021) conditions. Also, the two groups were not found to be significantly different in Absent Vision and Sway-Referenced Support (P = 0. 102) condition. Conclusion: According to the results of the current study, transcranial electrical stimulation can be a new method of pre-physical activity on the balance of children with developmental coordination disorder and can help improve balance in these children.

Introduction: Food craving is a strong tendency for foods consumption unnecessarily that can be a source of eating disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the effectveness of Schema Therapy and Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation (tDCS) in this field. Method: A semi-experimental design by two groups (pre-test, post-test with two-month follow-up) was administered. The treatment was preformed in two methods of tDCS (six sessions in 20 minute) and schema therapy (12 sessions of 45 minutes per week). The population consisted of people with food cravings. After screening, 40 subjects (12 males and 28 females) were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into two experimental groups. Craving was also measured by the Food Craving Questionnaire of Meule and colleagues. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA. Results: There was no significant difference between the two treatments in reducing craving symptoms (F= 0. 64, P> 0. 05). A significant difference observed for craving scores over time between post-test, and follow-up stages (F> 69. 39> P> 0. 05). Conclusion: The results showed that the effectiveness of both methods in reducing food craving syndrome was the same. As a result, no single method is effective in reducing food cravings, and regarding tDCS minimal side effects it is recommended that tDCS be used as a complementary therapeutic therapy in this area. Schema therapy can also be used as a preventive intervenion to weaken maladaptive schemas at the outset.

Introduction: Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that can produce temporary changes in the excitability of cortical areas by applying a weak electrical current to the skull. The specialists’,tendency to use tES as a complementary or alternative tool for the treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders has grown significantly in the last decade. This research has explained the nature of electrical stimulation of the brain, the stimulating devices, its history, underlying physiological mechanisms, and their applications in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. It also has taken a coherent look at the effects of cognitive training along with tES in the treatment of psychiatric patients. Conclusion: In the field of the effectiveness of tES intervention on mood disorders, anxiety, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, autism, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia, research conducted and showed that this treatment method is effective in improving the cognitive performance, moderating the negative emotions, and reducing the symptoms of individuals’,disease. Based on this, along with psychotherapy and medical treatment, tES can be used as a non-invasive treatment to help patients with psychiatric problems.

Objective: The goal of the present research was to study the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain over selective attention and continuous function of children suffering from specific learning disability disorder. Method: The method of the present research was semi-experimental that was conducted by pre-test, post-test along with the control group. Twenty-six first to third-grade children suffering from specific learning disability disorder participated in this study, from the fifth district of the City of Tehran as a sample. In the pre-test stage, all participants were subjected to continuous and selective attention test, and then they were put in two groups of experiment and control. The participants of the experimental group were subjected to the intervention of transcranial magnetic stimulation. The duration of stimulation was 20 minutes for each session and the intensity of stimulation was set at 7 milliamperes. After the end of the intervention, the post-test stage was conducted and a covariance analysis test was used to analyze the data. Results: The results illustrated there is a significant difference between two groups of experiment and control in the variable of selective attention (f-50/20, p—, 0/001), and the variable of a continuous function (f-24/80, p-0/001), that according to the difference of means, the function of experiment group is better than the control group. Conclusion: we can say that the use of approach of transcranial direct-current stimulation during 5 sessions can lead to improving selective attention and continuous function in children suffering from specific learning disability disorder.

Background & Objectives: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is defined as a set of recurrent physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms affecting women, which occur cyclically during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle or within a few days after the onset of menstruation. Women with premenstrual boredom syndrome endure many psychological problems. Emotion regulation, such as anger and arousal, plays a very crucial role in the treatment of other psychological issues of this syndrome. So far, many pharmaceutical and non–pharmacological treatments have been used for PMDD. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of the brain is a non–invasive technique. There is very little research on the effect of tDCS on emotion regulation. Also, no study has investigated the impact of tDCS on PMDD and its psychological symptoms. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of tDCS on the brain in regulating the emotions of patients with PMDD. Methods: This quasi–experimental study employed a pretest–posttest design with a control group. Among the women suffering from PMDD in Yazd City, Iran, 30 eligible volunteers in the age range of 30 to 40 years entered the study in a simple random manner. Fifteen were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 15 to the control group. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having PMDD confirmed by a gynecologist and obstetrician, the age range of 30 to 40 years, and not using other treatment methods such as drug therapy and psychotherapy. The exclusion criteria included absence from one session of tDCS and not completing the questionnaire during the study. The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) (Gratz & Romer, 2004) compared emotion regulation variable scores at two time points, before and after tDCS. Data analysis was done using covariance analysis. The significance level of the tests was 0.05. Results: Data analysis showed that the score of the emotion regulation test in women with PMDD in the intervention group and after receiving the treatment decreased significantly compared to the control group (p<0.001). Based on the effect size results, 58% of the difference between the intervention and control groups was due to the implementation of tDCS. Conclusion: According to the results, tDCS can be used as a complementary therapy to improve emotion regulation in women with PMDD.