This article is an attempt to specify the city gate as an important element in the collective memory of the modern city and to follow the "memorial roots" of the gate. In old cities, gates act as thresholds of transition between inner core of the city and the peripheral sectors.Showing common memories and city events, these places have confronted to modernization, population increase, industrial development, etc. By destroying the old walls in the modern city, gates have collapsed, but their place has always reflected memories. This fact could be an advantage for improving the city legibility and supporting people by improving the civil identity that encourages their local and civic pride. This article concentrates on the three aspects of gates: semantic, historical and functional aspect. Gates and their environment are places, which belong to public and the main purpose of their renovation would be to regenerate this feeling that one could be an active member of a society and have many souvenirs of his city's past. For this approach by reviewing the process of gate's evolutions, finding the memorial roots of the old city gates are practicable. As our case study has been conducted in Shiraz, we can consider the memorial roots of the old city gates in seven periods. These periods are Al-e-Buye (eight gates), Atabakan (nine gates), Safavide (nine gates), Zandieh (six gates), Quajar (six gates & three Kals), Pahlavi and contemporary period.In Shiraz of early 1930s changes have rapidly occurred. Since the gate nodes relay the new and old fabric of cities in a mutual connection, the revitalization of these nodal points has an important impact on the memorial framework.Accordingly, We can consider three different categories for the city gates memorial roots; formal, formal- conceptual, and conceptual-memorial. In their formal life period, gates are usually used as defensive and economical elements. Their place and name might be changed through this period of their life. In formal-mental period of the gates' life, accompanied by physical and historical ruptures, their name has changed into urbanistic and technical terms such as square, intersection, etc. Finally, and as an ultimate stage, in the mental-memorial period, gates have substantially changed; there are no more gates visible in the city but it is a common memory that has remained. Nevertheless, the important point is the effectiveness of the concept of old gates in the emergence of collective memories. This article first explores the city gate and its environs as a particular symbolic place in the city structure. Thereupon by reviewing the historic evolution of old city gates in Shiraz and the origins of people's collective memory, we can make a deduction in which we verify the importance of the concept of threshold and territory in the existence of the old urban fabric and its relation with the new one. As a final result, one can deduce that the relationship between the olden and the new urban fabric could be reestablished by maintaining the continuity of the memorial roots and reinforcing the sense of place.

Aims: The present study aims to measure the perceptual quality of sound in the case study of “ Darvazeh Isfahan” of Shiraz (a public urban space) in two objective and subjective dimensions. Participants & Methods: The study method in objective analysis is using acoustic simulation software and measurement of five acoustic components and characteristics of sound including sound pressure level (SPL), sound clarity (C), and sound transmission index (STI). Mental dimension analysis was conducted through direct interviews with people in the space during the day, at three intervals in the morning, noon and afternoon. In the interview process, interviewees were asked to respond to the three components of voice information, voice perception, and auditory rating. Simultaneously, the audio content of the study area was recorded using a calibrated voice recorder. Findings: The results of the analysis in objective dimension indicate the lack of space acoustic transparency in the contextual and background noise measurement components. Although the audio quality of the sound is normal at all three intervals, in some cases the sound intensity level is poor. The direct sound transmission index is in normal condition. On the subjective side, different audio content was heard over three intervals. In the morning, interviewees identified the buzzing, motorcycling, walking and talking. At noon, in addition to the audio content mentioned, the sound of music was also heard. In the afternoon, motorcycles, cars, and people’ s conversations were the main audio content of the space. Conclusion: Through overlaying the objective and subjective analysis, it has identified the subareas of the study space that have difficulty in perceiving the quality of sound. In summary, location-based urban design solutions for improving perceptual sound quality under problem areas are presented. Despite the fact that the present study might be restricted to a urban space in Shiraz, the findings could impart fruitful information for implicating appropriate acoustic vitality guidelines in urban public spaces.

Nowadays, the entrance to Shiraz from Isfahan is marked by Tang (Strait) Allah Akbar and the Qur’ an Gate. Over time and different periods, numerous components have defined this natural entrance, and have been added to or reduced from this entrance, and have changed the identity of the being an entrance to this area for Shiraz. The study seeks to answer this question “ which component has historically been stable in the definition of the entrance of Shiraz and has been the essential component shaping the view of the Shiraz entrance? To answer this question, according to the context of social, political, and cultural changes of each period, the study analyzes the several components that have shaped the entrance of Shiraz over a century. The study precisely scrutinizes the landscape changes that took place in this area in the five-time periods of the Buyid dynasty to Qajar, Qajar, Pahlavi I, Pahlavi II, and the Islamic Republic. The results designate that the Qur’ an Gate, along with the two components of the valley and mountains around the entrance, has played an objective and subjective role in shaping the landscape and identity of Shiraz entrance in different historical periods. This stability has been changed dynamically and in line with the changes and needs of the time, but the landscape burden of these components in line with the definition of the entrance of Shiraz city has never been reduced. Nonetheless, after the Islamic Revolution, the historical and natural identity of this area as the entrance to the city of Shiraz has been disturbed. This article shows that the lack of coordination of these components with changes in time and lack of attention to the essential importance of these components in defining the entrance identity of the city has provided the grounds for elimination, destruction, or marginalization of these components and has distorted their role in defining the entrance of Shiraz.

The intent of this research is investigating the role of gated communities in promoting safer communities.There are contradicting statistics about the impact of gated communities on security and social cohesion of their residents. To examine these relations in this research, gated and non-gated communities were compared. This empirical study was conducted in two contradictory urban districts in Shiraz, south of Iran and included eight gated communities. Some 400 families were chosen among 14’000 households living in the sampled communities and their neighboring areas. The socio-economical characteristics of these families and the physical features of their residential area were statistically analyzed against the crime rate. The result of this study indicated that gated communities are successful in increasing perceived security in Iranian cities, especially when they are provided with formal surveillance. Feeling security among their residents was directly influenced by level of formal control on gates and Social factors (e.g. social cohesion, neighboring, and sense of community). Among physical features of the gated communities, foramal survillence on gates has the most impression on the security of communities. Although there were no significant difference in qulity of physical environment between gated and non-gated communities, social cohesion were much more in gated communities.

In this paper, the delinquent behavior of high school students in the old and new educational systems in city of Shiraz was studied and compared with each other. Socialization factors, such as family, school, and peer groups were dealt with and the effects of these factors on the students delinquent behavior were tested. The school programs of the old and the new educational systems were compared with each other in terms of the role of these programs in the control of students, social order and their attitudes towards delinquent behavior. In this study, Social Control Theory as a theoretical framework was used. This theory attributes delinquent behavior to youths who come from all social classes and assigns such behavior to weak functions of primary social institutions, such as family and school. In this study, a quantitative methodology was used in survey form. About 650 students were selected from the old and the new systems in high schools in the four areas of Shiraz and classified random sampling was employed. The data demonstrated that the percentage of delinquency among new system students was more than old system students. In addition, on the basis of findings, there was a significant correlation between students delinquent behavior and factors such as birth place, sex, academic achievement, using western cultural productions, and the special manner of leisure time.

Like other ancient cities of Iran, the city of Kerman was surrounded by tall walls. According to the present documents, by the end of the Qajar period, the city fence could be accessed through six gates. However, the documents and studies which have been conducted concerning the issue, lack adequate accuracy. This inaccuracy has resulted in an inability to verify the mentioned claims, as well as a challenge that the city area has been defined based on unclear and paradoxical stories and claims when adapting the remaining photos of the period with the maps. The study hopes to revise the given area by reviewing the documents, especially the photos from the Qajar period, and then, adaptthe old borders of the city to the current map.The study as a quality research has identified the Sykes Map as the most reliable map, due to present documents, and has applied it to the first aerial photo of the city and its most updated city borders. In order to increase assurance and verification, the photos which were remained from the Qajar period, and were of the city fence, are simulated, reviewed, and checked in a process of comparison from a similar viewpoint in the current position.This process was initially quality research in analyzing data from historical documents and aerial photos that resulted in new findings. These findings reveal far more precise and completed images of the city borders than the previous mapping and correct the identity and position of a city gate.

Social life and behavior of human are due to cultural function where they born and grew. Surely, this culture is result of geography; human and natural geography. This geography is foiling the human conformations into special perspectives that recover the time needs. One of these human conformations and/or the most important case is housing and its architecture.In each culture, these housings are constructed the geography of that culture such as:religion, literature, weather, considering and …. This geography in Iran has left specific samples in construction that one of them is the sample of introverted culture and veiling observance in construction. This culture exists in ancient texture of all Iran cities. Shiraz city is one of the cities that due to the long background have maintained this tradition inside itself, ultimately not only in current industrial architecture but in ancient texture architecture. The disregard of introverted culture has caused severe and basic differences in constructions; in this case destruction of indigenous culture is one of its consequences and absolutely, will entail the destruction of other cultural samples in this frontier and terrain.In the word, current architectures have attracted western methods insomuch that the indigenous culture observance only could be seek in ancient building construction. The veiling and camouflage traditions that have been observed for last 2000 years, now it could be observed on mixture of tradition and industry in building construction such as security glass, curtain and/or reticulated terraces, open and perforce reticulated kitchens and …. The walls and doors (gate) of yards house entrance, kitchens, baths and water closets through camouflage tradition observation still could create the secure and veiling precinct in houses.This article presents the discussion in two parts: 1- Foreground studies, includes: A- the introverted of indigenous housing construction B- the demonstrative in modern architecture (western architecture) C- Shiraz ancient texture (at destruction). 2- The principal discussion on housing geographies, the introverted and demonstrative culture. The introverted and the main principle of return to self.

In today's urbanization, the city's urban form faces some important issues. In this regard, the lack of attention to the qualitative aspects of the city, the characteristics of traditional urban planning, the role of signs and the lack of appropriate approach to rapid urban expansion and change in the structure of the city's entrance is significant. The purpose of this study is to investigate the components of urban signs on how to develop social identity of youth in Shiraz. The main question of this research is how urban signs affect the formation of social identity in young people. The method of this research is survey and in terms of purpose is practical and method of collecting information is Field picking and library research. The present article tries to identify the factors affecting the formation of urban symbols, to map the correlation between this important and the social identity factor of youth in an analytical model. While confirming the hypotheses of this research, the results also indicate that the physical and social elements of urban signs include perceptual and spatial factors (as independent variables) has a direct impact on the following factors of social identity of youth religious include identity, family identity, Job identity (as dependent variables). Therefore, it can be said that perceptual characteristics and functional characteristics Influencing Urban Symbols can enhance the social identity of youth.