At the surface, atomism, which is commonly widespread nowadays, is similar to the theory of indivisible particles and the proof of prime matter depends on denial of the indivisible particle. The present paper provides answers to the following questions: Did the proof for disproving the particles refute atomism.....

To boost advertising effectiveness, the market is segmented into parts according to some indicators. Age is one of the criteria for customer segmentation, so the children make a part of it. The question of this research is whether children can be addressed in commercial advertising from the perspective of Islam? To answer this, we have to discuss it from three points of view. First, commercial advertising output is studied from the perspective of Islam and the West. According to Islam, the ultimate goal of advertising is audience awareness and because of lacking in the power to detect, children cannot be addressed in this kind of advertising. The second is that rationality is the necessary factor in transactions according to Islamic rules and any obstacle in using rationality for the allocation of revenues should be removed. Commercial advertising, by using psychological techniques, conquers the audience’s mind and commands them to follow its dictates. Children, due to their age conditions, are most affected by these ads and because of their pressure on parents to buy products, the necessary rationality for transaction will not be created. Furthermore, people need to have the distinguishing power of choosing a product that conforms with their needs or has priority, so they could rationally allocate the required amount. In the third discussion, the above issue is explained according to the Islamic principle “Beware of assisting each other with evil matters”, together with some instances of negligence of this principle when addressing minors. Finally, based on the reasoning given, it seems that addressing minors with commercial advertising is not that much advisable by Islamic standards.

In this paper, the discussion about the civil liability of minors and mental patients has been discussed in the form of a comparative study, with the descriptive-analytical research method. And this central question has been answered that basically, what criteria should be used to measure the harmful behavior of minors and people with mental disorders? . A look at the history of civil liability clearly indicates that the law of civil liability has always been at a dilemma  in answering this question: On the one hand, emotional, moral, fairness and substantive justice issues require the determination or modification of the civil  liability of these people, and on the other hand, the final goal of the law of civil liability, i. e. restoring the previous situation and compensating for unjustified losses, complex personal explorations, mental and psychological explorations encountered with serious doubts! . These doubts have caused the legal systems to choose different points of view in this regard: Some have taken the side of the loser and defended the rule of objective criteria in the law of civil liability. And some people are also inclined towards supporting the minor and the insane and have adopted the subjective criterion of fault,Despite this, it seems that we should choose a middle approach and use the " Relative objectivity " criterion as a criterion for evaluating the behavior of minors and patients with mental disorders and based on this, proposed a more flexible and disciplined interpretation of "conventional behavior" in Articles 951 to 953 of the Civil Code.

Introduction: The family caregivers are regarded as backbone of the health care system and in most cases they, themselves are considered as patients, because their commitment to look after mentally ill patients may lead to mental or moral exhaustion. This research study during the year of 2000 was carried out on family caregivers of mentally ill patients who used to introduce themselves to zahedan mental hospital to examine their mental and moral burden level experienced during that period.Materials & Methods: This descriptive - analytic research was carried out on 125 family caregivers in zahedan mental hospital. To give a clear description of the criteria of each of under study, firstly each patient's personal characteristics and psychiatric diagnosis was investigated and registered in prepared forms, secondly in a questionair all information about personal criteria of caregivers and their experienced psychological burden were collected. All data were presented by descriptive and analytic index.Results: Amongst all family caregivers 27.4% were suffering from mild level of burden. Although the mean average of burden experienced by caregivers of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders was more than those with mood disorder but there was no statistically significant difference.Discursion: Nursing and caregiving of patients with mental disorder in long term cause enormous burden to caregivers. In this study, 73.6% of family caregivers experienced a moderate to severe level of burden. This burdens can endanger the health of caregiver and also reduce the quality of caregiving and relationship between patient and caregiver. Furthermore it is suggested that intervention should be applied to reduce such burdens.