Problem statement: The word participation was introduced for the first time in European political affairs for the participation of men in voting and decision-making, about two hundred years ago. Subsequently, the use of this word gradually became widespread in other social and environmental dimensions of Europe. From around 1991 until now in Iran, we see an increasing use of this word in various dimensions. Thus, phrases such as political participation, social participation, civil participation, participatory management and landscape participation become popular over the last few decades. Despite the frequent use of participation in landscape in technical texts, the exact meaning of this term is not specified anywhere, and several texts have considered different meanings for it.Purpose: Given this conceptual multiplicity of participation in landscape, as well as the use of multiple and similar phrases for these concepts, the purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of participation in landscape design.Research Methodology: The research method is qualitative and content analysis. At first, the concept of the word “participation” and similar words have been examined in the Iranian texts.Then, in terms of the word “landscape”, the experts view has been considered. Finally, the concepts that can be comprehended from the word “participation in landscape” are explained from the perspective of domestic writers. Also, the concept of participation in landscape design in English has also been reviewed.Conclusion: Finally, a concept was found for “participation in landscape design” through the studies that in addition to considering the objective and subjective aspects of landscape, the concept of participation in landscape design was proposed instead of other similar terms to express this concept.

Problem and Objective The trend of dissatisfaction of citizens about C. S. M (City Service Managing) is increasing, but participating of citizens in low and there is not a functional Theory of model for it. The objective of this survey is exploring the components and providing a model for C. S. M based on PLSD strategic approach. Methodology in this grounded theory the members of target community was selected through two techniques: targeted sampling and criteria-based sampling. The number of sample society members is determined via saturation technique. The members were three groups: faculty members, municipality clients, municipality administrators. The data has been collected via interview. The descriptive, theory and interpretative validities and trust ability has been confirmed. Results the 160 themes have been extracted and then Reduced and aggregated to 13 mail themes. These main Themes have been analyzed and lead to seven results. Based on these results two models-based on local community and citizen's group-have been provided.

Participatory design is one of the practical approaches in many fields of design, including industrial design. This approach generally refers to activities in which all stakeholders find the authority and power to use their ideas to design new solutions simultaneously. But participation and cooperation with users have always been involved with many challenges. So researchers do a large number of studies to provide solutions in this field by introducing new methods. Introducing the method has become one of the most common ways to introduce this approach in academic activities. In other words, methods as a field constitute most of the current knowledge space about participatory design. The volume of these studies is so broad that it probably confuses the relevant researchers at the beginning of their work. But despite this wide range of researches, the authors did not find a comprehensive research with the aim of accessing an integrated set of methods or principles. For this reason, the main question of this research is related to identifying the basic principles in the implementation of the participatory design project and investigating the relationship between these principles. In this regard, this study aims to present a set of general principles for implementing the participatory design approach and to reach a new and integrated interpretation in this field, which is done through the synthesis of the results of previous studies. In this direction, a qualitative study using a meta-synthesis method has been chosen as the research method which is carried out through three stages of coding, namely, open, axial, and selective coding. The meta-synthesis method is a type of qualitative study that uses the findings of other qualitative research in a specific field as data. This method can help social science researchers in developing and creating theories by synthesizing the results of previous studies. In the first step, searching for documents, based on four criteria including appropriate keywords (participatory design, principles, method, model, and framework), historical range (from 2000 to 2022), databases (Scopus, Taylor & Francis, ScienceDirect, ACM, DL) and the type of documents (books, articles, and treatises) was done, and 56 valid documents were obtained based on this. In the next step, among these documents, based on two criteria (the quality of the studies and the comprehensiveness of the proposed method, model, principles, or frameworks), 10 documents, including 9 articles and 1 book, were selected as the final input documents for conducting the study. Finally, as a result of the synthesis of the selected studies, eight categories were obtained as the implementation principles of participatory design, which are: clarifying participation, empowering participants, creating a platform for participation, matching the components of participation, stimulating participation, justice in participation, managing the results of participation and sustainable participation. In the end, the conceptual relationship between these categories was examined and eight specific types of relationships between the categories were identified. Also, by presenting examples of participatory projects, the application and fields of use of the eight proposed categories were explained.

In this study, a design cycle of strap on booster is presented. This procedure, based on conceptual design of solid rocket motor and statistical studies of strap on booster, is derived. The conceptual design, usages the collaborative design that enables the user interfaces to affection the design parameters. Afterwards, the software of solid rocket design and simulation of missile flight has been produced.

Statement of the Problem: Different people and strata in human societies need a shelter called housing. The design process of this type of space is done in different ways, and the possibility of using the user's opinions during this process has always been desired by the design community because users are considered influential members in this matter. In recent years, the participatory approach has played an important role as an appropriate response to this process. However, the special contemporary conditions, according to the way of house selection and the view of the designers, have made their involvement in the category of participation very diverse. Purpose: This study seeks to explain and measure the level and quality of user participation in the design process. Therefore, the study investigates, firstly, in what topics and secondly, to what extent the user can enter into this process. Methodology: The present study uses the grounded theory approach to achieve its goals. Results: The results show the extent and manner of the user's participation in the different stages of the design process during a three-stage and back-and-forth activity, where the user's contribution is more important at the ‘level of influence through the declaration of needs’ and the architect's contribution is at the ‘level of participation through applying specialized considerations’. Innovation: The innovation of the research is in obtaining the model and its components using grounded theory and presenting a three-stage model of user participation in the design process.

Background: Total quality management is the approach to continuous quality improvement of products and services through the participation of all levels. Despite the fact that the basic ethics and corporate ethics are the most important factors, they are influencing total quality management performance. Unfortunately, most of the literature of total quality management are ignored them. The present paper aims to investigate the role of corporate ethics to improve the performance of total quality management and eliminate gaps between expectations and perceptions in employees and managers.Method: This research is practical and the method of this research is descriptive- correlation. The populations of the research are the personnel of Investment Company of National Development group (232 staffs) and the sample size based on Cochran formula is 145 staffs witch selected by random sampling. Path analysis and structural equation modeling are used for testing the research model.Results: Research model that includes the nine hypotheses were confirmed and all research hypotheses were confirmed. Based on significant coefficients of the model were determined that taking into account ethical considerations has a positive impact on all three dimensions of TQM and also these three dimensions have a positive impact on the outcomes of corporate ethics.Conclusion: The results show that the fundamental values of TQM must first be created on the ethical principles of corporate ethics principles until the methods and tools used in the implementation of total quality management improved and leading to coordination of expectations and perceptions between managers and employees and eliminate the ethical problem gap.

Background and objective: At present, the real participation of customers in the profit and loss of banking products and services is seen in the theoretical banking structure of our country. But in practice this is not the case and customers only receive profit-sharing services from this huge financial network. Therefore, we decided to design a marketing model for familiarity and awareness and attracting participatory facilities in the country's banking and, for example, in Bank Saderat Iran. Method: The statistical population of this study includes a number of experts and executors of Islamic banking in the country who are also experts in marketing. Findings and Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the marketing of organizational participatory facilities in the form of twelve main categories were extracted in accordance with the data processing theory of the foundation. In-house, service quality, price mix, mix of people, mix of product, mix of promotion, mix of process, research and development, customer-related factors, anonymity as well as marketing philosophy were extracted as main as well as sub-categories. In the quantitative part of the research, the model obtained from the qualitative part was examined and fitted.

The large gap between academic lessons in architecture schools and the labor market in society has made many graduates of architecture schools unfamiliar with the work process and solving architectural issues in society. An important constituent which has been present in Iranian education and training culture from yesteryear, which can be seen in novel education stands around the world, is collaborative education. In this method, learners get accustomed to concerns related to collective benefits and group problem solving. Thus, after graduation students gain higher ability to identify issues in society and solve problems with colleagues and interact with others. The aim of this study is to present a model for collaborative architectural design education, on the subject of decreasing the gap between academic education and work. Some of the benefits which can be gained from this method include preparing learners for work and social life, improving awareness of the educational issue by grouping students of different levels, strengthening students’ responsibility and commitment towards their surrounding environment, objectivism in education, academic education based on the realities of society. In this study, the method is qualitative and post positivism. It is inductive and first-degree data was collected, organized, and classified. It sought to discover issues surrounding architectural design education in a collaborative manner. The presented model consequently showed that it is not only synergistic, but also instigates efficiency in design education students. It can also significantly reduce the gap between academic education and the labor market.

Participatory environmental governance is an emerging issue in the country, and its dimensions and implementation methods with a public-economic participation approach can be very effective. One aspect of energy and environmental policies that significantly impacts people's lives, international commitments, and the country's international reputation is the limitation of greenhouse gas emissions. The history of international conventions in the field of emission reduction indicates the inadequate performance of these conventions solely relying on government commitments. The most successful emission reduction mechanisms are also participatory-economic mechanisms. Direct public participation in reducing emissions in the residential sector and indirectly through the cultural awareness created for individuals and groups in society in all dimensions, as well as their participation in reducing emissions in the industrial sector through participatory-economic incentives such as carbon trading, can lead to improved performance of emission reduction policies. This paper presents and expands a model based on previous research in other fields for participatory environmental governance through the tool of emission trading, specifically proposing the issuance of carbon certificates. It first examines the areas of participation, incentives, and challenges, the design of the regulatory institution, and the conditions for facilitative leadership, and then designs the participation process, concluding with an analysis of the expected outcomes of this participation, compiled in the form of a proposed model. The above model and its proposed tools can be fruitful for policymakers in the energy and environmental sectors in decision-making and designing high-quality participatory executive programs in the country.

Continuing to provide electricity services as a vital infrastructure of society requires the cooperation and participation of the consumers. Therefore, wasteful energy consumption or the inability to provide electricity, threatens the economic and social life of society. Given that governance is at the center of public policies, the participation of stakeholders with interests in energy supply can bring about many benefits to the country both in the short and long term. The purpose of managing electricity demand is to save energy and be able to meet the managed needs of electricity services in the country. Thus, the aim of this study is to design a participatory governance model for managing electricity demand in Iran. The research method employed was qualitative in terms of the data, and developmental and applied in terms of purpose. The participants in this study consisted of 9 managers and experts in electricity supply and demand in the country. They were selected by non-probability purposive sampling and their selection volume was determined based on theoretical saturation. Data collection was done through in-depth semi-structured interviews and data analysis was done using the content analysis technique by coding and extracting the content network. The results led to the identification of indicators of system context, factors affecting participation, participation, facilitator of participation and achievements of participation. Implementing a model developed in the country's electricity industry can have many benefits, such as, providing essential electricity supply, cost savings, environmental benefits, the economic efficiency of consumers and the generalizability of participatory models for solving public problems in the country.