Recently, desert and desertification issues are known as one of the most problem in most countries especially developing countries. With an attention to the natural resources of Iran we can concluded that the most of Iranian lands are classified as deserts. Desert scientists believe that in addition to natural factors, human factors has a significant and important role in desertification. As natural factors are the most of the desertification criteria, models of desertification potential assessment are provided locally. In this time, using of desertification models is the best method for assessment of effective factors on land degradation and desertification severity from experts viewing. Despite of models abundance, one model is the best that has adapted considering to environmental and human conditions. To assess desertification, various research done in outside and inside of Iran. Zehtabian et al (2008) was evaluated soil and water criteria base on Medalus methodology in Ain-e- Khosh’s Dehloran and presented desertification map at the end of research. Desertification intensity class is critical for the entire region based on desertification map. Shakerian et al., (2012)  Evaluated desertification intensity in Jarghooyeh region, based on IMDPA model.their results showed that, this area classified in low class of desertification. According to the new definition of Desert, more parts of Iran encounter desertification problem. In order to challenging with desertification, it is necessary to do some scientific research and assessment in different parts of the country. The results may help to control and reduce the damages resulted from this phenomenon. The aim of this research would be the effects of climate indicator on desertification with method Iranian Model (IMDPA) in central part of Iran.

Due to the increasing number of personal vehicles in Mashhad and the problems that arise in this regard, a study has been conducted to investigate the factors affecting the efficiency of personal passenger car plans. Therefore, the main issue of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the efficiency of traffic planning in Mashhad with emphasis on the plan of dealing with personal passengers. The main purpose of this research is to identify and explain the effective factors of the plan of dealing with personal passengers in Mashhad. The research method of this research is applied, in terms of purpose, and in terms of quantitative methods of data collection, it is a descriptive-explanatory survey. As many as 321 individuals were selected and evaluated using a questionnaire developed by the researcher. The results of this study show how traffic regulations are implemented, timely and sufficient information, how police interact with personal passenger drivers, drivers' practical commitment to the plan and rules and regulations, and the role of effective and responsible agencies in the implementation of the plan. Dealing with personal travelers plays an important role in the effectiveness of the plan for dealing with personal travelers in Mashhad.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the related factors on work hope in University of Isfahan's Students. It was a descriptive, correlational study. The statistical samples of the study comprised of all of the students in the University of Isfahan in 2014-15. The sample including 300 students was selected through relatively stratified sampling in the University of Isfahan. The work hope scale, general self-efficacy questionnaire, differential status identity scale, time perspective questionnaires and perceived social support scale were used in collecting the data. The results of path analysis showed that family support indirectly related to work hope through social prestige and social power. Besides, family support indirectly related to self-efficacy through social power. Among the dimensions of perceived social status, social power was found to be indirectly related to work hope through self-efficacy, and social prestige found to be directly related to work hope. Further, self-efficacy was related to work hope both directly and indirectly. Among the aspects of time perspective, the present hedonistic was significantly and positively related to work hope; however, present fatalistic was significantly and negatively related to work hope. In general, the results showed that the self-efficacy, social prestige, social support, present hedonistic, present fatalistic and family support could predict work hope.

Background: Discharge against Medical Advice (DAMA) is a global problem with unpleasant consequences, mandating to conduct studies for its Predictors and outcome. This study aimed to investigate the reasons of DAMA from a general referral hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Sina Hospital. A researcher-made questionnaire was used after determining its validity and reliability. All patients who wanted to DAMA, completed the questionnaire. The data was analyzed by SPSS 19, using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: DAMA was more seen within men, married, native, and under diploma patients with age range of 19 to 39 years. Prolongation of hospital stay (13. 2%), other hospital staff’ s suggestion (6. 8%) and dissatisfaction with the facilities (12. 3%) were among the main reasons for discharging. The reasons of DAMA had only significant relationship with hospital wards. Conclusion: Improvement of training, providing innovate facilities for young people, providing more advanced facilities and equipment, and continuing the necessary treatment as outpatient are important factors that must be prepared in order to decrease the rate of DAMA.

Personal financial management behavior mentions how a person reacts when encounters financial events. Decisions of a person in different conditions influence his present and future life as well as economy of society. This study is about personal financial management, and examining factors affecting personal financial management behaviors among Iranian youth is its purpose. To do this, relationships among financial attitude, financial knowledge, external locus of control and financial management behaviors was examined. This study is an applied and descriptive research. Data gathering is based on a questionnaire. The research model is structural equation modeling and examined by Partial Least Square (PLS) method. The findings suggest that, financial attitude and financial knowledge have statistically significant and positive effects on financial management behaviors. In addition, based on our third hypothesis, the moderated role of financial knowledge on the relationship between financial attitude and financial management behaviors is approved by results. The results do not support for the relationship between external locus of control and financial management behaviors and the indirect effect of external locus of control on the relationship between financial knowledge and financial management behaviors.

Proving eternality and the hereafter life are based on some philosophical questions such as personal identity and the permanence of this identity in all existential levels. The personal identity is so important that we cannot have a clear perspective of the hereafter life without it.In this paper we will discuss the essential foundation of personal identity and answer the objections made by some scholars. Moreover we consider and criticize different criteria related to explanation of personal identity. Finally we proceed to some viewpoints about bodily, mental, existential criteria and so on

Attributing the Personal characteristics and their expertise to business brand is a way in which can have a major role in the competitive business environment as brands. On the other words, branding your competencies is a smart way to present and brand yourself and can secure your future in the work world as well. The present research work aimed to study the impact of effective components on obtaining personal brand based on individual competencies by considering cultural, social and professional components. The collected data was obtained from 94 qualified persons having professional personal brand. The reliability of the researcher made questionnaires was calculated by applying Cronbach’s alpha method, which was 0.85. The structural validity was used to check the reliability of it, and the results validated the research tool. The data was analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), Smart PLS software and Multiple Regression (MP), and the final model was presented in this paper. The results of the present research demonstrated the proper fit of the model based on the effect of the dimensions of cultural, social and professional components and their subdirectories on personal brands based on individual competencies in the fields of knowledge, skill and attitude.

In recent years, due to the increasing growth of the population of cities and the increase in the rate of car ownership, the dependence of citizens on private cars has intensified, which causes congestion and overwhelming traffic in urban centers, and most importantly, it causes an increase in environmental pollutants. environment in cities and as a result has become a threat to the health of citizens. The current research is practical in terms of purpose. In order to investigate and evaluate the impact of various factors on the dependence of citizens on cars, a questionnaire was designed and the information obtained from the questionnaires was analyzed and evaluated by SPSS software. Then, by using binomial tests, Pearson correlation and linear regression test, the findings have been analyzed step by step. The statistical population of this research includes the residents of Rasht, where each family owns at least one car. In this research, a total of 405 questionnaires were completed online by residents of Rasht. According to the obtained results, the "corona pandemic" index with an average of 3.94 has the highest average among the indexes, and after that, the "communication and correctness" index is in the second place with an average of 3.64. However, the index of "public transportation" with an average of 2.49 has the lowest average among all indicators. Finally, the results of this research showed that the three indicators of corona pandemic, environmental attitude and health of citizens, and lifestyle and tendencies have the greatest effect on citizens' dependence on cars.Extended AbstractIntroductionIn recent years, due to the increasing growth of the population of cities and the increase in the rate of car ownership, the dependence of citizens on private cars has intensified, which causes congestion and overwhelming traffic in urban centers, and most importantly, it causes an increase in environmental pollutants. environment in cities and as a result has become a threat to the health of citizens. On the other hand, the COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing in order to prevent this disease have had many social and economic consequences that have brought about a change in lifestyle and even urban structures, including in the field of urban transportation. He pointed out that the increasing dependence on the car in contrast to the less use of the public transportation system has caused urban planners and management to face a serious challenge in recent years. Environmental, social and economic trends also follow, which have faced urban policy makers with a serious challenge in solving this problem. MethodologyThe current research is applied in terms of purpose and according to the method of answering research questions and the method of answering is descriptive-quantitative. In order to investigate and evaluate the impact of various factors on citizens' dependence on cars, a questionnaire with a 5-level Likert scale was designed and data was collected using this method. The information obtained from the questionnaires was analysed and evaluated by SPSS software. Then, by using binomial tests, Pearson correlation and linear regression test, the findings have been analysed step by step. The statistical population of this research includes the residents of Rasht, where each family owns at least one car. In this research, in order to increase the confidence factor, a total of 405 questionnaires were completed online by the residents of Rasht, and then the questionnaire link was deactivated.  Results and discussionAccording to the obtained results, the "corona pandemic" index with an average of 3.94 has the highest average among the indexes, and after that, the "communication and correctness" index is in the second place with an average of 3.64. And at the end, the index of "public transportation" has the lowest average among all indices, with an average of 2.49. On the other hand, the items "increasing the use of private cars during the Corona era" with an average of 4.29 and "decreasing the desire to use public transportation during the Corona pandemic" with an average of 4.10, respectively, have the highest average in among other subjects. Finally, according to the test of the regression results, the "corona pandemic" index has had the greatest impact on the dependence of citizens on personal cars in such a way that with a correlation coefficient of 0.387, it alone accounted for 14.8% of the variance share of the "dependence on cars" index. predict Also, in the seventh model, where all the effective indicators are included in the model, the model has a correlation coefficient of 0.629, which shows the high correlation of these factors and dependence on automobile citizens; It was able to form 38.5% of the share of variance of the variable "Dependence on the car". ConclusionAccording to the results obtained from the average indicators, "Corona Pandemic" has the highest average, which shows the importance of the issue of Corona disease and its impact on all aspects of people's lives. Also, on the other hand, the two indices "suitable environment for walking and cycling" and "public transportation" respectively have the lowest average among the indices, which shows the lack of attention of the city officials of Rasht to the issue of the city. It is without a car, which has led to the dissatisfaction of citizens due to the lack of a suitable platform for walking and cycling in the city, as well as the inefficiency of the public transportation system of this city. In this regard, according to the correlation between indicators, the indicators of "suitable environment for walking and cycling" and "public transportation" have the highest correlation among all research indicators, which shows the importance of paying more attention. According to these two indicators in the city of Rasht. In the continuation of the results of this research, based on the step-by-step regression test, the "corona pandemic" index is able to predict 14.8% of the variance share of the "car dependence" index. Therefore, with the emergence of this emerging phenomenon and its spread throughout the world, cities have faced new challenges that have never existed before, and one of these challenges is less use of public transportation during the outbreak of this disease and relying on Most of the citizens have a personal car for their health and their families. In the next step, the "environmental attitude and health of citizens" index has had the greatest effect on citizens' reliance on private cars. Based on this, it is possible to take an important step towards this goal by building culture in the society and increasing the environmental sensitivities of citizens and increasing people's awareness of environmental trends and the negative impact of using private cars on the health of citizens. In the next stage, the index of "Citizens' Lifestyle and Desires" has had the greatest impact on the citizens' use of private cars. In line with this, it is possible to change the citizens' lifestyles by taking advantage of collective communication spaces and appropriate culture in order to correct incorrect social patterns and an attitude in citizens can lead the society to less use of private cars. In the fourth stage of this modeling, we see the impact of "laws restricting car traffic" on the use of personal cars, which can be used to prevent more cars from moving around the city and downtown by applying physical restrictions. In the following, among the demographic and descriptive indicators of citizens, the indicators of "number of cars in each household" and "marital status" have an effect on the use of private cars by more and more citizens. In the last stage, the index of "public transportation" has an undeniable effect on the state of citizens' dependence on private cars, and finally, all the mentioned indicators together have been able to explain 38.5% of the variance of the dependence on cars among citizens. slow, which is a very significant amount, and paying attention to these indicators and improving the quality level of each of them can play a significant role in changing the pattern of citizens' use of private cars. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.