Background: Diabetes is a metabolic abnormality in the body caused by the high activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme in the hydrolysis of carbohydrates to glucose. ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE inhibitors involved in the digestion of carbohydrates, play a key role in controlling diabetes. Thymus vulgaris is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae with a chromosome number of 2n = 30. The essential oil of this plant has phenolic compounds such as thymol, carvacrol, cymene, linalool, and pinene. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of the main compounds found in the thyme extract on the activity of ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE by in vitro methods. Methods: Extract was used to dissolve thyme powder in distilled water solution. The inhibitory effect of the extracts on the activity of ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE enzyme was investigated. In this experiment, the concentration of each extract that was required to inhibit 50% of the enzyme activity (IC 50) was obtained and compared with the needed acarbose as a positive control. Results: the results showed that aqueous extract of thyme Thymus vulgaris in all three concentrations (40, 20, 10, and 5 mg/ml) can inhibit the enzyme. And as expected, the concentration of 40 mg / ml was exercised the highest inhibitory effect on the enzyme. IC50 of aqueous extract of thyme Thymus vulgaris was equal to 29%. Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of plant extract compounds in in silico and in vitro studies, for supplemental studies, the effect of these plant compounds can be analyzed in vivo conditions.

An efficient and rapid affinity-based screening method for directly fishing out natural ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE inhibitors from Cyperus rotundus extract by using immobilized enzyme technology combined with UHPLC-QTOF MS analysis was established. As a result without time-consuming and laborious isolation workload and false positive interference, five natural ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE inhibitors were successfully recognized and identified from only 400 uL of C. rotundus extracts within only a couple of hours, which suggested that the screening method was rapid, economical, sensitive and feasible. In addition, the captured compounds were isolated and characterized as stilbenoids oligomers, and were proved to be strong alphaglucosidase inhibitors by inhibitory assay in-vitro. Among them, 3 stilbenoids trimers were reported to be potent α-glucosidase inhibitors for the first time. This method could be modified and have the potential for rapidly screening of active compounds extracts against some new targets by immobilizing some other biomacromolecules.

Physalis peruviana L. is widely used in folk medicines to manage diabetes. This study aimed to identify new chemical constituents and explore in vitro antioxidant ability and alphaglucosidase inhibition activity to explain its antidiabetic mechanism. Methanolic extracts and hexane fractions were prepared and analyzed by CG-FID and GC-MS. In vitro antidiabetic activity was assessed on α,-glucosidase inhibition and DPPH models. The phytochemical analysis detected 29 constituents, manly heptacosane (25) and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (14). Aliphatic hydrocarbons and esters were identified as the main classes of secondary metabolites. Compared to the standard, the methanol-water fraction was the most potent fraction on α,-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 32. 5 ±,0. 27 μ, g/mL). The antioxidant values (IC50) of two fractions, and the reference were quite close (44. 5 ±,0. 54,49. 5 ±,0. 87,44. 2 ±,0. 77 μ, g/mL). Almost 82. 75% are recognized for the first time in the leaf hexane fractions of this plant. The observed antioxidant activity was found to be significantly notable.

Different Salvia species have been used as medicinal plants in different parts of the world and therefore attracted the attention of researchers for exploring their chemical constituents. Salvia rhytidea Benth. is one of the endemic species that grows widely in the eastern parts of Iran. In traditional medicine Salvia rhytidea Benth. is known for promoting blood flow and resolving blood stasis and for its antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. Recently researchers have discovered new and potentially bioactive secondary metabolites from this plant. The results of phytochemical screening of different fractions of the methanolic extract of Salvia rhytidea Benth. aerial parts(flowered browse) showed different levels of flavonoids, tannins and rosmarinic acid. In addition the researchers investigated the petroleum ether extract of the root of this plant. They reported the isolation of different diterpenoids. Results showed that Salvia rhytidea Benth. exhibited a strong antifungal effect against some Candida isolates, hypoglycaemic effect and inhibitory action of alphaglucosidase. Wide range of medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antileishmanial, ant-iprotozoal activity against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma bruceirhodesiense(two micro-organisms responsible for malaria and sleeping diseases, antitumor, anticancer, enzyme inhibition, antioxidant, cytotoxic, antihypertensive, anticholinesterase, insecticideal are reported from different compounds of the roots of Salvia rhytidea Benth.

Metabolic disorders are a group of disorders, due to the disruption of the normal metabolic process at a cellular level. Diabetes Mellitus and Tyrosinaemia are the majorly reported metabolic disorders. Among them, Diabetes Mellitus is a one of the leading metabolic syndrome, affecting 5 to 7 % of the population worldwide and mainly characterised by elevated levels of glucose and is associated with two types of physiological event disturbances such as impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. Up to now, various treatment strategies are like insulin, alphaglucosidase inhibitors, biguanides, incretins were being followed. Concurrently, various novel therapeutic strategies are required to advance the therapy of Diabetes mellitus. For the last few decades, there has been an extensive research in understanding the metabolic pathways involved in Diabetes Mellitus at the cellular level and having the profound knowledge on cell-growth, cell-cycle, and apoptosis at a molecular level provides new targets for the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Receptor signalling has been involved in these mechanisms, to translate the information coming from outside. To understand the various receptors involved in these pathways, we must have a sound knowledge on receptors and ligands involved in it. This review mainly summarises the receptors and ligands which are involved the Diabetes Mellitus. Finally, researchers have to develop the alternative chemical moieties that retain their affinity to receptors and efficacy. Diabetes Mellitus being a metabolic disorder due to the glucose surfeit, demands the need for regular exercise along with dietary changes.