In this paper, a formal model for antivirus update agent system is presented based on mobile agent technology and predicate/transition Petri nets. The mobile agent system contains two mobile agents called DCA and UNA. It sends out agents to update antivirus on client computers in a network. Each agent takes on a specified responsibility. First, DCA roams through the network and check the last date of updating of antivirus on client computers. Then, by passing the list of unupdated client computers to UNA, next migration is started. The mobile agent system is modeled with logical agent mobility method (LAM) using Petri nets. Each agent is modeled with a predicate/transition Petri net. In this model, the antivirus updating system consists of a set of components to identify different locations and a set of connectors to specify the interactions among the components. Connectors and components are modeled with PrT Nets.

Chronic hepatitis B is caused by persistent infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). In the last decade, great progress has been made in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Prognosis of chronic hepatitis B has been improved significantly because of the clinical application of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues, such as lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, and entecavir. More and more importance of antivirus treatment has been realized. But the physicians are being puzzled by the problems of antivirus treatment in the reproductive women infected with HBV. According to the studies of antiviral drug safety and clinical experiences in treating pregnant women in recent years, we introduce the strategies of antivirus treatment in different periods of reproductive women infected with HBV.

2Monkeypox is a self-limited disease with symptoms that disappear within 14 to 21 days. Clinical management of monkeypox includes general supportive care and the use of antivirals that have activity against the monkeypox virus. This literature study aims to describe the role of tecovirimat in the management of monkeypox. Tecovirimat is an antiviral drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as part of the treatment management of smallpox in adults and children. Evidence of the efficacy of tecovirimat as mpox therapy was obtained from animal studies, where tecovirimat reduced mortality rates, reduced duration of illness and viral shedding. Tecovirimat inhibits the vp37 viral protein encoded by the F13 gene of the variola virus. This protein is highly conserved in orthopoxviruses, allowing tecovirimat to have in vitro activity against several orthopoxviruses, including vaccinia, variola, cowpox, and monkeypox viruses. In conclusion, tecovirimat is used in monkeypox sufferers with severe clinical conditions (sepsis, encephalitis, extensive lesions, bleeding manifestations), patients at risk of experiencing severe clinical conditions (immunocompromised, pregnant or breastfeeding, history of psoriasis, varicella zoster infection) and patients with one or more complications.

Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 causes important economic losses in industrial poultry worldwide. Biosecurity and vaccination have not completely prevented the outbreak of avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 in poultry, and there are no appropriate medicines available. Onion is one of the plants used from the ancient times both as food and medicine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antiviral effects of aqueous extract of red and yellow onion against avian influenza virus subtype H9N2. First, a study was performed to evaluate the toxic effects of the extracts on the embryonated chicken eggs. For antiviral evaluation, three mixtures were prepared: mixture of the virus and the red onion extract, mixture of the virus and the yellow onion extract, and mixture of the virus and PBS, as a control group. The mixtures were separately inoculated to the chorioallantoic sac of the embryonated eggs after 2, 8 and 24 hours incubation at room temperature. Mortality rate and hemagglutination assay titers were recorded. The results indicated that the red onion extract decreases mortality of the embryos and the yellow onion extract increases the life of the embryos, and both of the extracts decrease HA titers. In conclusion, it seems that both extracts especially aqueous extract of the red onion not only destroys the avian influenza virus subtype H9N2, but also they probably decrease the propagation of the virus in the embryonated chicken eggs.

This study was designed to evaluated the anti- cancerous, antiviral and antibacterial effects of Cymbopogon citratus aqueous leave extracts. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) staining assay has been applied to detect the cytotoxicity and the antiviral properties against measles virus (MV) using cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). The antibacterial potency of the extract against Staphylococcus aureus (staph. aureus) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kleb. pneumoniae) was determined using disc diffusion method by means of agar overlay assay. The results showed that C. Citratus extract effectively destroyed Hela cell line after 72 h of exposure. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for the extract was found to be 500 µg mL-1 which exhibited the concentration of 600 µg mL-1 potent antivirus activity. The extract demonstrated antibacterial potency against Staph. aureus with mean inhibition zone 16.4 mm which was higher than that produced by Kleb. pneumoniae with mean inhibition zone of 10.7 mm. C. citratus was a favourable candidate as a natural herb to treat cervical cancers in vitro, restricted the MV replication and has potent antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and negative bacteria isolated from the respiratory tract.

Nigella sativa seeds have wide therapeutic effects and have been reported to have significant effects against many ailments such as skin diseases, jaundice, gastrointestinal problems, anorexia, conjunctivitis, dyspepsia, rheumatism, diabetes, hypertension, intrinsic hemorrhage, paralysis, amenorrhea, anorexia, asthma, cough, bronchitis, headache, fever, influenza and eczema. Thymoquinone (TQ) is one of the most active constituent and has different beneficial properties. Focus on antimicrobial effects, different extracts of N. sativa as well as TQ, have a broad antimicrobial spectrum including Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria, viruses, parasites, schistosoma and fungi. The effectiveness of N. sativa seeds and TQ is variable and depends on species of target microorganisms. The present review paper tries to describe all antimicrobial activities that have been carried out by various researchers.

Influenza neuraminidase (NA) plays a main role in the viral replication of the influenza virus. It has been considered one of the targets for anti-influenza drugs. Anti-influenza drugs such as zanamivir, oseltamivir, and peramivir can fight the virus via the inhibition of NA. However, due to adverse reactions, the resistance of the viral strains and sudden changes in NA inhibitors, the identification of novel inhibitors is needed. Nature products such as berberine have been reported against influenza. In this systematic review, we have focused on the anti-influenza effects of berberine and its main role in the inhibition of NA of the virus. For this aim, “Berberine” was searched with “Influenza” or “flu” or “common cold” or “neuraminidase” in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases from 1990 to April 2023. Studies have demonstrated that berberine and its derivatives have a wide range of biological effects such as antiviral effects against viruses like herpes simplex virus, human cytomegalovirus, and influenza A virus. The present study indicates that berberine and some of its derivatives are able to inhibit the influenza virus through NA blockade. Berberine is able to superimpose into the allosteric binding site and shows reversible non-competitive behavior in the ligand-receptor interaction for the inhibition of NA.

ABSTRACTBackground: The urgent need to combat contagious diseases has prompted the international community to search for new and innovative solutions. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have received significant attention due to their distinctive chemical properties, which makes them the most promising future medicinesMethods: The work employed a range of methodologies to investigate the stability, size, and concentration of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), including UV spectral analysis, zeta potential imaging, dynamics of light scattering (DLS), atomic forces (AFM), electron microscopy with transmission (TEM), and flame-absorbed atomic spectroscopy (FAAM). Measles virus (MV) was cultured in the Vero cell line and determined the TCID50 %, Knowing the ability of different concentrations of gold Nano (AuNPs) to inhibit the measles virus at different MOI When used in a preprocessing manner and estimated the antibacterial effects of (AuNPs) against selected pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aerogenosa, and Escherichia coli) Results: AFM and TEM examination determined that the gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) had a spherical form with an average diameter of about 20.65 nm. In the DLS investigation, a diameter variation of 24.3 ± 0.9 nm and a polydispersity of (0.463 ± 0.05) were observed. The concentration was 625 µg/ml.The synthesized AuNPs capably inhibited the propagation of MV in Vero cells with different MOI, especially MOI (7) with 4.6 μg/ml of gold Nano. AuNPs showed potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S. epidermidis at two concentrations (9.3 and 4.6 μg/ml), while the inhibitor was limited to concentration 4.6 for P. aerogenosa and E. coli.Conclusion At low concentrations, the synthesized gold nanoparticles have been shown to effectively and safely suppress the measles virus and some multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates.