Asian Pacific Endodontic Confederation (APEC) is an international (regional) association of endodontists from countries in the Asian Pacific region. According to the confederation, APEC tries to develop and maintain high standards of endodontic research/teaching and practice and build closer professional relationships of endodontists within the target region.Foundation of APEC backs to the 30 years ago, when the first meeting was held in December 1985 in Bangkok, Thailand.Actually, the idea of organizing an endodontic group in the Asian Pacific region had its beginnings through the efforts of several dedicated individuals and determined spirit of international cooperation and sharing.

the 19th meeting of Asian Pacific Endodontic Confederation (APEC) was held from 5th till 8th of April, 2017 at Hotel Hyatt Regency, New Delhi, India encompassing more than 1900 participants from 40 countries. The theme of the congress was "Preserve to Stillness "…

The way of interaction dominant on GATT and the World Trade Organization on one hand, and regionalism within the preferred groupings on the other, are among the important and sophisticated facts in international trade. While multilateralism puts the emphasis on non-discrimination (based on national acts and Most Favored Nation Clause) in international trade, regionalism is inclined towards preferred behaviors. However, both have grown up in parallel and governments are applying both. Specially, as during the recent decades and after the Uruguay Round lots of agreements have been concluded multilaterally and the WTO has replaced GATT, we witnessed a new wave of regionalism. However, in spite of incompatibility between these two approaches, the "openness" clause can make regionalism compatible with, and even complementary to the multilateralism. The APEC is a model close to the open regionalism which by some completing steps can be an appropriate pattern in this way.

By the 1990s, East Asia had become one of three core economic regions (along with Europe and North America) that together dominated the world economy, accounting for 25 per cent of world GDP by 1995. East Asia had become the new workshop of the world, the location of fast emerging markets, and a new financial power in the making. Japan had first spearheaded East Asia’s economic rise up to the 1990s, and now China has become a major force behind the region’s economic momentum.Theses two countries are amongst the world’s four largest national economies, but East Asia is also host to the highest concentration of newly industrialized economies (e.g. South Korea, Taiwan Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia) found anywhere in the world. The trade and financial surpluses generated by East Asian countries are second to none. The region accounts for just over a quarter of world trade, production, new technology patents and gross domestic product. It is also the home of some of the world’s largest banks and multinational enterprises.East Asia has achieved one of the most profound economic transformations in recorded history. In the 1950s and 1960s, it was a relatively poor developing part of the world, with countries such as Korea having comparable income per capita and development levels on par with many sub-Saharan African states. The region accounted for only 4 per cent of world gross domestic product (GDP) in 1960.In this article, the relation of global market, regionalization and regional conflict is discussed. The role of economic community in emerging market and global market in the East Asia is the section of establishing trade investment liberalization. So, new liberalization is based an economic regionalization and global market. This model is forming is East Asia and APEC region.

This paper aims to understand the structure and determinants of international bank lending among APEC economies. Specifically, this paper first aims to analyze whether Australia; Canada; Japan; Chinese Taipei; and the United States, which are the only APEC members for which international borrowing data are available, tend to lend more intensively to other APEC members than to non-APEC countries. This paper finds that the estimate for the APEC membership dummy in the equation for outward bank lending is positive and statistically significant, but the estimate for the APEC membership dummy becomes insignificant when a bilateral trade intensity variable is added, suggesting that closer ties in bank lending (outward) among APEC member economies are mostly due to closer ties in trade in goods. On the other hand, the estimates for the APEC membership dummy in the inward equation are negative and significant. This suggests that the 21 APEC member economies borrow more from non-APEC member economies than from the five APEC members. Finally, the five APEC member economies make fewer loans to the economies with a greater country risk. When the three disaggregated risk measures are added in the regression alternatively and concurrently, it is found that bank lending is positively associated with political and economic risks, but is negatively associated with financial risk. Thus, bank lenders from the five APEC member economies appear to make a proper assessment of the political and economic risks when making international loans.

Background and Objectives: A wide range of extraintestinal infections in humans and vertebrate animals are created by the extraintestinal E. coli strains (EXPEC), including APEC (Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli) and UPEC (urinary tract infection in humans). This study aimed to survey presence of eight involving virulent genes of APEC and UPEC strains in human extraintestinal E.coli strains to support the hypothesis that these genes in human APEC and UPEC were originated from avian APEC and UPEC strains.Materials and Methods: A total of 100 and 105 Escherichia coli samples were collected from patients with urinary tract infection and the infected chickens with colibacillose, respectively. After DNA extraction, Multiplex PCR was used for the presence of genes astA, iss, papC, iucD, tsh, vat, cva / cvi (related to strain APEC). Correlation between APEC and UPEC were analyzed by chi-square test.Results: The frequency of astA, iss, irp2 and papC genes in UPEC strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infection were 13%, 11%, 33% and 3%, respectively. The genes iucD, tsh, vat, and cva / cvi were observed in only one of the isolated strains. All genes were observed in all avian strains.Conclusion: presence of astA, iss, irp2, papC genes in both APEC and UPEC strains confirmed their role in extraintestinal infections. Between them, iss gene (the most common isolated gene) and irp2 gene (with 33% frequency in of UPEC) are more likely the most important pathogenic factors in the E. coli strains.

Colibacillosis is a disease caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and depending on the virulence status of the strain, host status and presence and type of predisposing factors, is followed by either sudden death or localized inflammation in multiple organs. Virulence factors described so far for APEC include adhesions (type 1, curli and P fimbriae), flagella, Aerobactin system, capsule, outer membrane protein, temperature sensitive haemagglutination, serum resistance and colicin production but the exact mechanism of pathogenesis is not yet fully elucidated. One of the major virulence factors, which cause resistance of APEC to serum complement, is ISS gene located on ColV plasmid. The objectives of this study were to clone, sequence, expression and immunogenicity of ISS protein. The ISS gene cloned and sequenced into pTZ57R/T and pGEX-3X vectors, after that protein expression were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blot. Finally ISS protein sequence was confirmed by Ms-Ms. Sequence analysis showed that the ISS gene from E. coli (O78: K80) isolated from Iranian poultry does not differ from previous reported genes submitted in GenBank database. GST: ISS fusion protein was purified by Glutathione sepharose column. To investigate immunity, purified ISS injected to animal model and checked by Dot-blot assay. The results showed that ISS protein could be used for detection and control of colibacillosis in poultry.