The radical polymerizations of acrylamide (AM) and N, N' -dimethyl acrylamide (DMAA) were carried out in the presence of combined Lewis acids of AlCl3-FeCl2 system. Comparing with the polymerization produced in a single Lewis acid system of AlCl3 or FeCl2, the AM polymerization catalyzed by a combined AlCl3-FeCl2 composite in CHCl3 produced a polymer with higher isotacticity (m=36%). The DMAA polymerization in the presence of AlCl3-FeCl2 composite produced a polymer of higher isotacticity (m=83%) in CHCl3 and a much higher isotacticity (m=91%) in toluene.The molecular weight and polydispersity of PAM and PDMAA show identical results whether polymerized in the presence or absence of Lewis acids. The combined Lewis acids showed great isotacticity in a lower polar solvent and the stereochemistry of the polymerization was clearly affected by the molar ratio of combined Lewis acids (AlCl3-FeCl2). The polymerization of AM in the presence of 0.03-0.03 mol/L AlCl3-FeCl2 composite system gave a polymer with dyad tacticity of 59/41 (m/r), the polymerization of DMAA in the presence of 0.015-0.015 mol/L AlCl3-FeCl2 composite system gave a polymer with dyad tacticity of 95/5 (m/r). Furthermore, the isotactic specificity of combined Lewis acids on AM and DMAA were also influenced by aging temperature and aging time. The optimum aging temperature of polymerization was 80°C, and the optimum aging time was 1 h.

Some new 1,4-thiazepine derivatives (J16-J30) have been successfully synthesized through the reaction between each of diphenyl acryl amides (J1-J10) and diphenyl dienones (J11-J15) with ortho-mercapto aniline. The reaction was performed in an alkaline medium using ethanol as a solvent. The diphenyl acryl amides were prepared from the condensation reaction of para-substituted acetanilides with different para benzaldehydes, while para-substituted benzaldehydes were reacted with acetone to produce the diphenyl dienones. All the prepared compounds have been identified, using visible and ultraviolet radiation spectrum, and infrared spectrum. Some of the new synthesized compounds have been diagnosed and confirmed their structures by proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, respectively). The purity of prepared compounds was confirmed by relying on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) results. The biological effect of these derivatives was assessed against certain types of gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus Pneumonia and Staphylococcus Aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, and Proteus Moralities). The results showed a high antibacterial effect towards both types of the used bacteria at high concentrations, while the prepared compounds behaved differently at low concentrations. The results indicated that most of new thiazepines revealed a high antibacterial effect towards both types of the tested bacteria at high concentrations (100 mg/mL), while behaved oppositely at low concentrations (10 and 50 mg/mL). This is related to high concentration effect resulting in an increase for inhibition zone diameter. The highest antibacterial effect was observed for compounds (J17, J19, J21, J24, J25, J26, J28, and J30) at 100 mg/mL. One of the reasons could be the presence of halogenes and nitro groups compared to the other compounds as a result of electron withdrawal groups role.

Background: Acrylamide (AA) is a compound used in the industrial production of polyacrylamide. AAs affects by creating oxidative stress. It produces reactive oxygen species and leads to lipid peroxide. Lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane is one of the most important oxidations in the sperm, which can disrupt the fluidity and permeability of cell membranes and damage all cells. Objective: To investigate the different concentrations of AA on human sperm parameters based on the World Health Organization standard and its impact on mitochondrial membrane potential and sperm glutathione levels. Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study, we examined the different concentrations of AA on human sperm parameters based on the World Health Organization standard and its impact on mitochondrial membrane potential by flow cytometry and sperm glutathione levels by ELISA assay. Results: The results were reported as the mean fluorescence intensity of JC and the index was observed to decrease following the effect of AA in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ Ψ m). The results of ELISA test to study the level of intracellular glutathione showed that with the increase in the concentration of AA exposed to sperms, there was a significant reduction in the level of intracellular glutathione. Conclusion: AA destroys the sperm membrane integrity under apoptotic and oxidative inductions with a negative impact on mitochondrial function and antioxidative enzyme in sperm such as glutathione.

Aphron fluids are a special type of foam in which the gas bubble (air or any other gas) is surrounded by a double-walled layer consisting of surfactant and polymer. Therefore, it is more stable at high temperature and pressure conditions due to being preserved by three layers. These fluids are widely used in industry. Today, the industry uses various polymers such as acrylamides, polyacrylamides, and hydrolyzed acrylamides that are harmful to the environment. In this study, the possibility of using natural and biodegradable polymers such as Astragalus Gum and starch is investigated. The results showed that the Aphron fluid made from Astragalus Gum (extracted from a dessert plant) had a higher volumetric yield than industrial polymers. Stability over time and rheological properties for Astragalus Gum are also acceptable. Also, it is found that increasing the polymer concentration increases the stability and rheological properties, but in contrast, the volumetric yield decreases. The effect of salt and surfactant concentrations is also evaluated in this research. The results show that increasing the surfactant concentration increases the volumetric yield of the fluid. Increasing the surfactant concentration from 1 wt% to 2 wt% increases the volumetric efficiency of Aphron fluids by 5%. In general, according to the results obtained in this research work, Astragalus Gum’s performance is better than synthetic polymers for making Aphron fluids.

Aphron fluids are a special type of foam in which the gas bubble (air or any other gas) is surrounded by a double-walled layer consisting of surfactant and polymer. Therefore, it is more stable at high temperature and pressure conditions due to being preserved by three layers. These fluids are widely used in industry. Today, the industry uses various polymers such as acrylamides, polyacrylamides, and hydrolyzed acrylamides that are harmful to the environment. In this study, the possibility of using natural and biodegradable polymers such as Astragalus Gum and starch is investigated. The results showed that the Aphron fluid made from Astragalus Gum (extracted from a dessert plant) had a higher volumetric yield than industrial polymers. Stability over time and rheological properties for Astragalus Gum are also acceptable. Also, it is found that increasing the polymer concentration increases the stability and rheological properties, but in contrast, the volumetric yield decreases. The effect of salt and surfactant concentrations is also evaluated in this research. The results show that increasing the surfactant concentration increases the volumetric yield of the fluid. Increasing the surfactant concentration from 1 wt% to 2 wt% increases the volumetric efficiency of Aphron fluids by 5%. In general, according to the results obtained in this research work, Astragalus Gum’s performance is better than synthetic polymers for making Aphron fluids.

This study reports the synthesis of new 1,3-oxazepine derivatives (S21-S30) by reacting hydrazones (Schiff bases) (S11-S20) with phthalic anhydride in dry benzene as the solvent. The hydrazones were prepared by reacting diphenyl acrylamide derivatives (S1-S10) with para-chloroaniline using ethanol as the solvent. The acrylamides were derived from para-substituted acetanilides treated with various para-benzaldehydes using ethanol as the solvent. All synthesized compounds have been characterized using UV-Visible and FT-IR spectroscopy. The structure of chemicals has been confirmed using proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR). The purity of the synthesized chemicals was confirmed through Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC). The antibacterial activity of the new compounds has been assessed against gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Staphylococcus Aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Escherichia Coli).  The results showed significant antimicrobial activity at varying concentrations, with compounds S23, S26, and S30 exhibiting the highest effectiveness attributed to the electron-withdrawing halogens present in their structures.

Nowadays, use of polymeric mulch such as the polymer based on acrylamides is developing due to being eco-friendly, safety, and low cost. Polyacrylamide is odorless, colorless, non-polluting the ground water and surface water, soil and plant tissues. In this study, for the first time, copolymer based on acrylamide and acrylic acid was used in small-scale plots in experimental conditions for use in soil for the purpose of its stabilization and preventing its loss.Copolymer based on acrylamide and acrylic acid was synthesized by free radical polymerization.The water-soluble polymer synthesized by free radical polymerization and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. To calculate the negative charge density of samples, titration method was performed. By increasing density of negative charge of polymer chains, the apparent viscosity decreases with higher rate. It can be concluded that in the presence of acrylic acid, the ions shrank and became more like spheres which ultimately results in coil-like configuration. As the copolymerization reaction proceeds from 50% to 90% weight percent of acrylic acid, the rate slows down due to accumulation of negative charges and the molecular weight of copolymers decreases with increasing the anionic degrees of copolymers.Finally, soil loss was determined using 0.4, 0.6, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 gr/m2 of copolymers in water and solutions sprayed on the soil surface before implementation of artificial rainfall, also its continuity in 30min rainfall was studied.