Fuel saving and emission control in transportation is a global critical issue, so research is required to concentrate on the energy conservation of diesel engines. Generally, in an internal combustion Engine, around 66 % of the total heat is lost and, around 33% is used for Brake Power. It is very important to improve the energy level of the engine in the field of automobiles, and this will be shown in the heat balance sheet of diesel engines. An attempt has been made to fulfill the above requirement by adding CuO and ZnO nano-additives to pure diesel fuel and Al2O3 and ZnO nano-lubricant additives to SAE 15W-40 engine lubricant oil by sonication process. Experimental work on a vertical twin-cylinder four-stroke, water-cooled, advanced computerized diesel engine was carried out with no load to full load condition using a computerised eddy current dynamometer attachment. The performance of the engine is evaluated by considering specific fuel consumption, brake thermal, mechanical, and volumetric efficiency, and exhaust emission. Results show that Specific fuel consumption is reduced by about 14.98%, Brake thermal efficiency is increased by about 17.62%, and Mechanical efficiency is increased by about 3.94%, respectively, using both nano fuel additives and nano lubricant additives. For exhaust, the emission is reduced by 20.04%, 10.25% for CO and NOx, and increased in CO2 by 29.16%. With the application of nano additives in fuel as well as in lubricating oil, the overall thermal performance can be appreciably improved, and the exhaust gas pollutant from the engine can be significantly reduced.

Oxygenated additives are added to the base gasoline for such purposes like increase in Octane Number, improvement of engine performance and decease in exhaust emissions. In Iran, Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) is used as an additive to the base gasoline. Due to the destructive environmental effects of the mentioned material, our country, the same as other developed countries, should seek to use a replacement for the mentioned additive. The combination of the base gasoline and fuel additives has such limitations like increase in the quantity of volatility, the reid vapor pressure (RVP) and decrease in calorific value of the fuel obtained. In this research, Ethanol, Tertiary Butyl Alcohol (TBA) and Metyl Tertiary Butyl Ether, in the volumetric ratios of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15 and 20, are blended with the base gasoline of Tehran Oil Refinery Company (TORC). The behavior of volatility of the obtained fuel has been investigated based on ASTM standards. The results obtained from the done investigation reveal that in case of using Ethanol as a fuel additive, certain changes should be made in the formulation of base gasoline. The mentioned combination has an undesirable effect on the other characteristics of fuel such as Octane Number. Addition of Tertiary Butyl Alcohol to gasoline shall result in trivial increase in the reid vapor pressure. Consequently, there will be no need for the replacement of light straight run gasoline (LSRG) compounds with heavier compounds in order to decrease the reid vapor pressure.

Sulphites are widely used as preservative and antioxidant additives in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Exposure to sulphites has been reported to induce a range of adverse clinical effects in sensitive individuals, ranging from dermatitis, urticaria, flushing, hypotension, abdominal pain and diarrhoea to life-threatening anaphylactic and asthmatic reactions. Exposure to the sulphites arises mainly from the consumption of foods and drinks that contain these additives; however exposure may also occur through the use of pharmaceutical products, as well as in occupational settings. Most studies report a prevalence of sulphite sensitivity of 3 to 10% among asthmatic subjects who ingest these additives. However, the severity of these reactions varies, and steroid-dependent asthmatics, those with marked airway hyper responsiveness, and children with chronic asthma, appear to be at greater risk. Although a number of potential mechanisms have been proposed, the precise mechanisms underlying sulphite sensitivity remain unclear.

This study investigates the feasibility of using Kerman collapsible clay excavated in an urban project as landfill liner material. Several technical requirements must be addressed for a material to be used as liners among which low hydraulic conductivity and high compressive strength are the most important. To achieve this goal, a set of laboratory tests are conducted on the prepared samples. Sample preparation is done and the soil is tested in pure form as well as in lime, bentonite and Nanoscale treated forms. Two different methods are used to determine the permeability of the specimens, falling head (with a direct method), and consolidation (with an indirect method). The results indicated that overall, the hydraulic conductivity obtained from the consolidation test is lower than those of falling head tests. The falling head method is conducted for all specimens using municipal and synthetic leachate instead of water. Samples with 0.4% Nanosilica and 8% lime under municipal waste leachate met the EPA permeability requirements. The same procedure is carried out under the synthetic leachate and the results show that only the specimen with 0.4% Nanosilica met the EPA regulation standard. The unconfined compression strength values exhibit a considerable increase in addition of lime and Nanosilica and a gradual decrease with adding bentonite. This study verifies that Kerman clay can be used as a liner material when supplemented with lime and Nanosilica.