A B S T R A C T Considering the location of vital centers in the heart of the cities, they are more affected by unexpected events. Hence, due to the probability of the loss of existing services and devastating effects on the social organization and the necessity to prepare essential needs of people and military agencies, planning and building the storage for essential items as a replacement for the damaged services are considered a critical factor in social and defensive reliability. This research tries to locate stockpile of essential Items in Mashhad by emphasizing passive defense criteria and analyzing stockpiles of essential items in terms of form communicational structure. The type of research is applied, and the research method is in theoretical discussion and formulation of mental models, descriptive-analytical and information-gathering methods, documents, questionnaires, and interviews. Moreover, the information analysis method is with the IHWP model in GIS software in the locating section. In the section on examining architectural patterns and forms is content analysis. The research results show that 20.61 percent of Mashhad has an optimal location potential, and 0.94 percent of city also has a favorable potential for location. Also, parts of the north-east and south of the city have the priority for location. The types of spatial organization of the rectangular form, including centralized, four-armed, introverted, and diagonal, were investigated in the architecture department. The centralized form is preferable to other forms for its capacity and access to exits and spatial organization Extended Abstract Introduction As a stockpile of essential items to facilitate the process of activities and to achieve goals, the warehouse plays a vital role in creating this flexibility in organizations. In fact, from the point of view of crisis management, the stockpile of essential items can play a significant role in the supply chain to deal with unforeseen internal or external incidents. Passive defense in the stockpile of essential items refers to measures that do not require expensive and challenging methods and solutions to protect the stockpile of essential items. Furthermore, it can help avoid the substantial expenses of monitoring the entire inventory and increasing non-conformities (such as theft, fire, non-conformity in the inventory and management inspection, fatal accidents, etc.) or reduce this amount. Choosing the form of the stockpile of essential items for essential items with a passive defense approach requires a comprehensive analysis based on defense principles such as hierarchical protection, nationwide coverage, dynamic protection, relative self-sufficiency, and minimum vulnerability. Therefore, in addition to placing this category of stockpile of essential items in Mashhad, the mentioned research also tries to establish a relationship between architectural forms and principles of defense to reduce vulnerability and improve the level of relief in times of crisis.   Methodology The current type of research is applied, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. In this research, 29 people were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with urban and passive defense experts. The method of data analysis is quantitative and qualitative. Also, the content analysis method was used to compile and analyze the architectural forms of the stockpile of essential items of essential items compatible with the principles of passive defense. The fuzzy quantitative model IHWP was exploited in GIS software for placing the stockpile of essential items in the studied sample.   Results and discussion Locating From the overlaying of 10 indicators, distance from the fault, height of buildings, distance from gas lines, distance from high voltage power lines, road width, building density, risk of uses, distance from water transmission lines, population density, and land prone to liquefaction, location in 10 class was conducted that the first and second priority is the north-east and south of Mashhad, which has the most favorable location. In Mashhad, 17.2% of the city area has a very low score, 12.8% low score, 48.37% medium score, 20.61% high score, and 0.94% very high score regarding location desirability.   Architecture According to the previous studies on geometric forms, the suitable form for warehouse design is a simple form that does not have frequent breaks and sharp and vague points to reduce the spatial deviation. Among the geometrical shapes, square and rectangular right-cornered shapes meet the criteria of warehouse design. In the meantime, the rectangle can define joints along its length, each of which is a focal point for concentrating activities and organizing their performance. Additionally, the internal spaces in this form are reasonably defined, which results in the building's overall form being overshadowed. This also makes the surrounding accesses more targeted and focused, ultimately providing more suitable relief during times of crisis. In order to create four types of stockpiles of essential items, A (centralized), B (four arms), C (introverted), and D (polar) were designed, and the way of combining these stockpiles of essential items was expressed and analyzed separately. The research results on accesses and circulation shows that type A covers a population of over 100,000 people, which has the best performance in terms of access to exits and spatial organization and provides services in times of crisis. Therefore, type A, due to the sequence of layers, lines, and expansion on the surface, has the most functional symmetry with the body of the warehouse, and its spatial projection is limited to adapt the shell to the body. Visually, it has the least visibility from a high height. Due to its volume and formal indicators, it has a high level of homogeneity and camouflage with its surrounding environment.   Conclusion The results of placing stockpiles of essential items in Mashhad showed that the northeast and south of the city have a higher talent for establishment. According to the examination of geometric forms, the rectangular form has the most efficiency for warehouse design in the architecture area. Due to formal capabilities such as the value of lines, angles, and proportions, it has the most efficiency in terms of performance, motion circulation, and the least spatial deviation. In order to research as mentioned above, after choosing the dominant form of the rectangle, an attempt has been made to analyze the spatial organization of the rectangular form using linear, combined, decomposition, and combination methods and centripetal and radial arrangements in terms of passive defense principles. Furthermore, four different types of warehouse design were formally analyzed as patterns and representative types, which are four arms, centralized, introverted, and diagonal, each of which, in addition to functional capabilities, also covers the population's needs in crisis conditions. Finally, the concentrated type due to the extent of its successive lines and layers in close proximity to each other, the perceptibility of the surfaces of the body joints because it can be recognized from a high altitude in order not to be identified in times of crisis such as air raid, they have the highest degree of compatibility between function and form from the point of view of passive defense.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Architecture is one of the prominent manifestation of civilisation. The role of architecture in the creation of the environment is quite clear. Nowadays, Architecture, in contrast with the past, is a scientific disipline and grows through analysis. While Iranian architecture has a valuable history, it is often criticisied. In the post Islamic revolution period, a masive construction has been occurred in the country, however, the cities of Shiraz and Esfahan are still the main destinations for tourism. What is the reason? Among the various dimensions of the problem, architectural criticism is a major chalange. This paper tries to define the necessities and architectural criticism obstacles, also present its principles through a matrix.

2Learning from the values of traditional Iranian architecture and architectural ornamentation is a way to improve the quality of our today's architecture. The first step of this way is to understand the appropriate method of reading architecture and architectural ornamentation. In recent decades there are various studies on Iranian architectural decorations with different methodologies and approaches. This study aims to seek a way of reading ornamentation in Iranian architecture through content analysis of existing studies. So, the main question is: How can we achieve a model for reading, learning, and creating ornamentation in Iranian architecture? In this qualitative research, we have followed an interpretive approach and used a content analysis method to analyze data obtained from a literature review. The results indicate that there are three sources for reading ornamentation: 1. through the examination of the works themselves, 2. the personality of the traditional craftsmen, and 3. reading non-architectural documents such as cultural sources or literature. There are also eight perspectives to consider ornamentation: 1. historical evolution, 2. ornamentation in a particular type of architecture (mosque, house, bazaar), 3. technical and restoration, 4. semantic-philosophical, 5. materials, 6. colors, 7. patterns, and 8. inscriptions. So, the model of reading and creating Iranian architectural ornamentation includes four layers; 1. material, 2. color, 3. pattern, and 4. inscription. All the layers together as a system create quality, beauty, and meaning for a place. Literature review shows that few studies have addressed all four of these components in an integrated manner. However, the spatial quality of Iranian architecture is the result of the synergy of all four components. This research suggests a comprehensive method of recognizing and using the four ornamentations by addressing both formal and semantic aspects.

Higher education curricula and consequently architecture education in Iranian architecture schools are the product of the major activities of the Supreme Planning Council. Architecture education and design methods have been less comprehensive and have less functional feedback. In Iran, education in all disciplines, especially architecture, is more educational than research-based, and therefore understanding and deducing functional concepts and inventing methods that are consistent with cultural values do not have a proper place. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop an architectural design evaluation system in Iranian architectural education after the Cultural Revolution. In this study, a mixed method combining qualitative and quantitative methods was used. In the qualitative section, the data and information required for this study were first extracted through in-depth interviews with 20 experts using the snowball sampling method and analyzed in three stages using thematic analysis (open coding, axial coding, and selective coding) using Max Quda software (2018). Finally, according to the interviews, the development of an architectural design evaluation system in Iranian architectural education was extracted and a researcher-made questionnaire was designed. Then, based on the interview process, coding and tests were conducted, and the final research model was presented. In the quantitative part, this research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey and correlational in terms of data collection methods. The sample size is 384 undergraduate students of architectural engineering in the architectural design class at Islamic Azad Universities, Bandar Abbas and Yazd branches. In this research, the level of relationship between the components was determined using the structural equation modeling method and Smart PLS software. The findings indicate that the variable path coefficient between the architectural design evaluation system in Iranian architectural education after the Cultural Revolution and architectural education is 0. 920 and the t-statistic is 16. 848, and therefore improving the evaluation of architectural design education increases the level of coordination of educational goals with the presented educational strategies, as well as improving the level of professional ability and efficiency in the successes achieved in the educational field.

This research is based on explaining criteria effects on contemporary architectural publications in Iran and arguing that if there has be no criticism, there would be no real value specified for artistic work and if transition process of art has not been argued, culture and art would stagnate.Therefore regarding to the importance of architectural criteria as a social necessity and a leading subject to an important development of the society itself, including both artists and their supporters, it is a minor factor to improve them both.At this point of view, showing interest in architectural criticism as a multidimensional artwork-expressed by art, technique, culture, society and function, it is a basic indispensable need for every society.In contemporary architectural history, there have been many struggles by architects and critics due to develop this issue which has been led to an appearance of new styles and methods in contemporary architecture and philosophy.For instance Le Corbusier in his monograph named "toward architecture" criticizes classical architecture and demonstrates a draft on modern architectural standards and indexes. Furthermore Robert Ventury in his monograph named "complexity and contrast in architecture" while criticizing modern architectural principles, he clarifies standards and indexes for postmodern architecture. On the other hand, an architectural criterion is a missing subject in the literature of Iranian contemporary architecture and it seems that there have been not adequate researches made on this subject.This research has been concentrated on this question that what the effects of criteria are in contemporary architectural publications in Iran. The considerable theory is that criteria have had a limited impact on the establishment of Iranian contemporary architecture and this had led to a decrease of architectural quality.Therefore the analysis of content is made on architectural criticisms in related publications during 1946-2001 by studying qualitative information in this research. Making an efficient selection of essays for a proper use specially the classification of architectural publications had been seemed necessary in this research.At last eleven publications which are mentioned as followed had been chosen for analyzing: 1.Architect publication (1946) 2.New architecture publication (1960) 3.Art and architecture publication (1968) 4. Architecture and urban planning publication (1989) 5. Soffe publication (1990) 6. Fine arts publication (1995) 7. Abadi publication (1996) 8.Architect publication (1998) 9.Ravagh publication (1998) 10.Architecture and culture (1999) 11.Iran architecture publications (2000).At the end all mentioned reviews (240 editions) were studied and essays which were based on contemporary architectural criticism have been selected.This research is mainly based on an especial study that is related to interpretational, fundamental and deductive approach with an conclusive argument which is based on experimental accomplishment in cooperation with the pre-research theory and with analytic method support and finally has led to a content analysis which has been made in a specific period of time.As a conclusion and relying on statistics which has been extracted from Iranian architectural publications, it seems that criticism has a very low effect on leading Iranian contemporary architecture toward furtherance and their slants.

The purpose of this research is to determine the sedimentary environment of alluvial terraces south of Khorramabad to Poldokhter using structural elements and limiting surfaces. In line with this goal, 4 sections were identified and studied. The cuttings are located at distances between 60 and 80 kilometers south of Khorram Abad towards Poldokhter. The studies conducted on these sections lead to the identification of 10 rock facies, including 4 gravelly rock facies (Gm, Gms, Gp, Gt), 4 sandy rock facies (Sm, Sp, St, Sh) and 2 rock facies. Flower (Fsm, Fm), 13 structural elements including (GB, HS, C/S, LHF, LCS, CVs, DIs, TCS, OF, CH, SB, SHF, LIS) and 6 limiting levels of rank 1 to 6 became. According to rock faces, limiting surfaces and structural elements under channel environments, channel bars, point bar, wide cuts (crevasse splay), natural embankments (levee).) and flood plain sub-environment were determined for the alluvial terraces south of Khorramabad to Poldokhtar. Structural elements CH, GB, C/S, LHF, SHF were observed in the studied alluvial barracks in abundance, which indicates a river environment with low twist for the studied alluvial terraces, which alternates between at times, it was attacked by strong and destructive floods, and the coexistence of flood channels indicates that they are periodic.

The present study explores this concept from philosophical, social, and environmental points of view and examines its presentation in established approaches in architecture, including the hermeneutic, linguistic, and semasiological ones, as well as those approaches that focus on urban design, and environmental psychology. The study aims to arrive at a comprehensive approach to the question of meaning in architecture. The present study attempts to answer the question of what elements constitute meaning in architecture to formulate a comprehensive approach to the subject. This study employs the content analysis method and is explanatory in terms of its results. Drawing upon a large body of credible sources, library research was performed, and a broad range of documents related to meaning in architecture and other relevant disciplines were studied. Approaches and definitions pertinent to the subject of meaning were analyzed in a deductive and comparative manner. The present study identifies elements of the meaning of place and analyzes the similarities of these elements in different architectural approaches. In addition to answering the study question, findings of the study pave the way to a comprehensive approach to meaning in architecture that explains common elements of the meaning of place in terms of the interaction between man and place. This interaction leads to the formation of a mental image in the context of a specific place, imbued with cultural and social influences and the subject&rsquo, s experience of the place. This notion has been presented in the form of a theoretical model.

Undoubtedly Planners any organization and especially the elite university courses and inform policy, goals and methods are chosen. It is because of this application is any application within the specified period. The purpose of this paper is to compare the effectiveness and near the architectural design courses 2 and 4 in the activities of professional architects and important factors affecting the activity and be professional architects. An applied research and analytical method is described. Quantitative methods and techniques as well as to evaluate the information from the survey (see the questionnaire) is used. The results show that proximity and relationship issues with professional design 2, 4 more than the architectural design 2 and 4 with an architectural design that graduates in their professional work experience is a huge gap. Also, due to administrative issues, performance issues in a professional and effective idea are considered to be less attention to this subject in universities.

Architectural Criticism is one of the useful methods for enhancement the creativity of students. This feature is regarding systematic approach in architectural criticism and innovative architectural education. We could offer six common methods of architectural criticism in a package to our students, in order to lead them to innovative ways of thinking about architecture and architectural design process.1- Classic: this method focus on architectural prototypes, symbols and taboos. 2-Romantic: this method focus on architects believes and their intention thorough design process. 3- Formalistic: this method focus on the final form and characteristics of built features. 4- Contextual: this method focus on the context where the building is located or the context, in which its architect have designed it. 5- Phenomenological: this method focus on the audience which are your client or the users of your designed buildings. 6- Medium-Oriented: this method focus on the medium by which the building have been constructed or the characteristics of its architectural or structural technology. Teachers could possibly offer this paradigm to their students through critical projects in order to improve their ability in architectural criticism and enhance their creativity in architecture design.

To clarify the role of memory in design thinking, this paper first reviews the evolution of memory models. Memory was initially thought to be a mnemic capacity attributed to the ancient Greek Goddess, Mnemosyne. The nature of memory was further developed in Platonic and Aristotelian models. In Islamic psychology, memory was defined as one of the five cognitive abilities which stores the cognizable. Modern cognitive psychology theories employ dynamic models based on schemata as syllogistic figures. These theories consider the memory not to be solely a storage capability, but rather as a constructive capacity, that both stores and analyzes. Thus they explain the role of memory in generating design alternatives, tacit knowing of designers, and their unconscious reasoning.