Introduction Study the phenology of the medicinal plant is important to manage the timing of recurring plant primary and secondary material utilizations, seed collection, pest control, prevent harvested untimely and weed control. Based on the weather conditions each plant for completing its phenological stages needs certain amount of heat units. The use of special codes to describe Phenological stages of plants has a long tradition in agricultural science. This scale has a table of 100 sections from 0-99 designed for different phases of the plants’ growth. In this scale, the growth stages are divided into two principal and secondary stages. The principal growth stages are described using numbers from 0 to 9; each principal stage is divided into secondary stages through coding from 1 to 99. The objective of this study was to describe the Phenological growth stages of ‘ Roselle’ based on BBCH scale. Materials and Methods Phenological stages of ‘ Roselle’ were described and defined according to the extended BBCH scale. The experiment was carried out as strip plot layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Iranshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iranshahr, Iran (Latitude 27o 12 ' N and longitude 60o 42' E; 591 m above sea level), during the growing season of 2013-2014. The experimental factors were: four rates of consumption of inputs and agricultural operations require in different cropping including Ecological system (No-tillage + Disk +Leveler +Furrower + 100% Manure), Conventional systems with low inputs (One-tillage + 0ne-Disk +Leveler +Furrower + 75% Manure + 25% NPK), Conventional systems with average inputs (One-tillage + Two-Disk +Leveler +Furrower + 50% Manure +50% NPK) and Conventional systems with high input (Two-tillage + Two-Disk +Leveler +Furrower + 100% NPK) and wheat straw application as residue mulch in four levels (6, 4, 2 t. ha-1 and control). In order to recognize the different stages of Roselle, three plants were appointed in each plot and monitored during growing season. All phenological stages of Roselle from germination to senescence were recorded based on BBCH. Results and Discussion The extended BBCH scale considers 10 principal growth stages, numbered from 0 to 9. Starting at Germination (stage 0) and ending at the beginning of the rest period (stage 9). Based on BBCH scale, nine phenological stages were recorded for Roselle that included: (0) Germination, (1) Leaf development, (2) Formation of side shoots, (3) Main stem elongation, (5) Inflorescence emergence, (6) Flowering, (7) Development of bolls, (8) ripening of sepals and (9) Seeds Senescence. Growing degree days to reach each stage were 153, 1051, 501, 506, 583, 730, 892, 349 & 246, respectively. Due to the high temperatures during the growing season of Roselle, the plant phenological stages were occurred more rapidly and the plant reaches its physiological maturity. Despite the interesting characteristics of this plant (Heat and drought tolerance), a detailed description of the phenological growth stages of Roselle has never been performed. A precise description of the different growth stages of this crop will provide a useful tool for agronomic and research activities. In this Study, the description of the phenological development of Roselle was proposed utilizing the expanded BBCH scale. Conclusion Roselle plant phenology is described here for the first time, according to the BBCH General scale. The use of extended BBCH scale for Roselle is important for successful implementation of farm management practices including disease and pest control. Based on our results it seems increasing wheat straw on the soil surface increased water holding capacity of the soil and reduced soil temperatures, which causes delay in the occurrence of Roselle phenological stages. Acknowledgements This research was supported by Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran (code 31152).

Studying the phenology of valuable native plants which are on the verge of extinction, is very important and effective for better introduction and protection of them. Fritillaria raddeana is one of the native bulbous plants with ornamental and medicinal value in Iran. The aim of this study is to investigate the phenological stages of the F. raddeana as a first step to protect it and later to introduce it. In a natural habitat, in northern Khorasan province, Iran, six zones were selected at a distance of 1000 m from each other and five plants were selected and coded in each zone. To provide a standardized phenological description of the species, this study used the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) scale. In total, from sprouting to winter rest, six main principal stages were described for sprouting, leaf development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development, fruit maturity, senescence and beginning of dormancy stages and within them, 15 secondary growth stages were described. Data were collected once a week in the course of the vegetative season and with a 30-day interval during the dormant season for two consecutive years (2015-2017). Additionally, we measured some traits of plant growth. During the first year, sprouting and subsequent leaf development began in late March and the inflorescence emerged in the middle of April. The full bloom occurred in the first half of May and then seed formation (in the late of May). The summer dormancy was triggered in late spring. During the second year of study (2016-2017), the results showed the growing stages start with a delay of 5-8 days compared with the previous year. In addition, T-test results showed the means of studied growth plant traits such as leaf number, plant height, flower stem length, flower number, and flower diameter were significantly higher in the first year than in the second one (p≤,0. 05). The differences of the phenology and studied variables between both years were related to different temperature and rainfall conditions. This narrow relationship with climatic conditions can imperil F. raddeana growth under the scenario of climate change.

Background and objectives: Kiwifruit as a new commercial crop in comparison with other crops that are grown in the similar climatic conditions has a high economic return. On the other hand, this fruit has better quality in Iran than that in other kiwifruit production countries. Management practices such as pruning, application of growth regulators, fertilizers, pesticides, mechanical natural and hand pollination, flower and fruit thinning, harvest time, etc. rely on the recognition of certain phenological stages. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe the phonological growth stages of a Hayward kiwifruit cultivar growing under the west of Guilan using the BBCH code and to calculate the heat requirements that help predict the time to reach each phenological stage.Materials and methods: This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications with 12 trees. Fruiting branches on each 4 tree (2 on each side) were marked for assessed. Principal and secondary phenological growth stages of development using the BBCH scale for 2 years in the west of Guilan (Astara) on mature vines were determined. Fruit growth curve, with measuring dimensions and equivalent water, TSS changes with hand refrectometer and the effect of temperature changes on TSS and flowering and fruit development were studied. Heat requirements for phenological growth stages were calculated as GDD.Results: Eight principal phenological growth stages on kiwifruit include: stage 0 (bud development), stage 1 (leaf development), stage 3 (shoot development), stage 5 (inflorescence emergence), stage 6 (flowering), stage 7 (fruit development), stage8 (maturity of the fruit) and stage 9 (Senescence, beginning of dormancy) that began with the beginning of bud swelling in the 17th of March and terminated on the 25Th of December. The time of secondary phenological growth stages and some management practices related to each of these stages of BBCH scale also mentioned. Broken of branch buds increased from the base to the top of the shoots, so that all dormant buds were in the base. The percentage of bud break, and the number of fruitful shoots were affected by the year. The curve of fruit growth was double sigmoid and increased fruit soluble solids of fruit was about 3 months later. After dormancy breaking and from beginning of bud swelling, Hayward kiwifruit cultivar required 429.275±10.67 GDD to reach full bloom, 1187.5±65.8 GDD to reach 50% of final fruit size and 2763.58±19.92 GDD before the fruit could be harvested.Conclusion: Determine of heat requirements is important for predict of the management time, so that the temperature difference between days in different years affected the development stages. The index can be used to predict developmental stages and thus to apply administrative tasks such as flowers thinning, fruit thinning, green pruning, winter pruning, fertigation, pest and disease control and also be used to expecting of physiological fruit maturity.

To study the effects of foliar applications of salicylic acid under cutting off irrigation at BBCH and phenological growth stages of plants and their interaction on chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid concentrations and chlorophyll fluorescence of sesame varieties (Sesamum indicum) a split factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications was conducted at Shahrood (Semnan province of Iran) during growing season of 2011-2012. Main factor was three irrigation levels (full irrigation as control, cutting off irrigation at 69 BBCH (at 90% flowering stage), and cutting off irrigation at BBCH79 (at full growth of pods). Sub plots were three cultivars of sesame (Biarjomand native, Dashtestan 2, Darab 1) and two levels of the foliar applications salicylic acid (0, and 0.6 mM). The results of variance analysis showed that drought stress due to cutting of the irrigation at 90% flowering and full growth of pods reduced content of chlorophyll a, carotenoid and chlorophyll fluorescence significantly. Foliar application also reduced chlorophyll b and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv, Fm) significantly. Experimental results indicated that highest concentrations of chlorophyll a and carotenoid 0.629 and 0.265 mg/g. Fw respectively produced by plants when irrigation was cutted off at BBCH 69 and the highest concentration of Fv/Fm (0.656) in control treatment. Based on the results obtained the maximum chlorophyll b content belonged to Darab (0.423 mg/g. Fw) and the lowest (0.364 mg/g. Fw) to Biarjomand native.

Introduction: Phonology is the study of plant and animal life cycle phenomenon, composed of environmental changes (Meier et al, 2009). Most agricultural issues such as suitable date for implanting, irrigation, reaping, fight against pest vermin and the optimum production can be obtained through determining the stages of phonology in each area, the required temperature units in each stage and the overall period of plant growth (Mir Haji et al, 2010).Rose is one of the most important crops for floriculture industry. Rosa includes 200 species and more than 18.000 types (Baydar et al, 2004). Gole Mohammadi flower, that is known as Rosa Damacsena Mill is of Rosaceae group and is one of the most renowned and ancient roses in the history of gardening. The products of this plant include rosewater, essence, petal and dry bud (Ahmadi et al, 2008). In this study the growth process of the rose is determined based on the following stages: germination, leaf production, side stem development, the main stem elongation, beginning of the end of vegetative development, inflorescence, flowering, fruit growth, ripeness and dormancy (sleep). Mattson and Lieth (2007) have considered the growth stages of two kinds of roses, Cardinal and Fire ‘Ice’, as germination, appearance of the first leaf pair production, bud production, last leaf production and reaping. According to Pasian and Lief (1994, 1996), from germination to reaping, the speed rate of Karma rose increased linearly between 5-30 ◦C accumulated thermal unit; according to them, the thermal unit for hybrid Cara Mia, Royalty and Sonia roses are 510, 580 and 545(GDD) from germination to reaping, respectively. In all calculations, the threshold temperature is considered as 5.2. Mattson and Lieth (2007) considered the (GDD) of 5.2 (GDD) for hybrid rose types: the Cardinal and the Fire ‘Ice’. Stings and et al (2002) considered, the required temperature from germination to inflorescence as 9.5◦C and 479 (GDD) for Red Sunblaze with 8.1◦C base temperature and 589 (GDD). In general, the leaf area, stem length and the stem diameter of Cardinal rose generally grew with a decrease in temperature, but the best stem growth was observed at 18◦C .Flower dry weight, however, increased from 0.7 to 3.0 (g) as temperature decreased from 30 to 15◦C (Shier et al, 2001). Kafi and Riazi (2001) are of the opinion that the 21◦C in day time and 15◦C at night with +5 -10◦C can be effective for the quality of essence. Provinces of Fars, Kerman, Isfahan and eastern Azarbayjane in Iran are the appropriate regions for Gole Mohammadi cultivation. Isfahan has the highest level of flower production among these four provinces (Nemat Allahi, 2006). Although the amount of rosewater produced in Iran is very high which contributes to national economy, there do not exist phonological studies in this field. Here the attempt is made to analyze the phonological conditions of Gole Mohammadi. The species of rose under investigation: The species of the rose under investigation is Gole Mohammadi. Gole Mohammadi that is known as Rosa Damacsena Mill is of the Rosaceae group. It is one of the most important rose shrubs in the history of gardening. Based on the botanical science, Gole Mohammadi is a shrub with many pressed wide fine hook- shaped thorns, and with aromatic pink half-filled petals that are sometimes red. It has 5-7 small oval shaped-arrow-tipped- fine toothed petals. The leaves are shiny green with a furry back. The site under investigation: The site under investigation is a one acre farm that is located in Barzok, a suburb of city of Kashan, Isfahan province at 33◦C 45′ N latitude and 51◦C 14′ E altitude, at 2226 MSL height. Fig.1: the study site plan There are 450 Gole Mohammadi shrubs in 27 agricultural plots in the farm under investigation. The annual average temperature of the area is 12.5◦C; the average temperature of the hottest month (July) (min. 20.1◦C – max. 29.7◦C) with 24.9 ◦C average and in the coldest month (January) (min. -3.7◦C – max. 3.5◦C) with a -0.1◦C. The annual precipitation average of the area (1980-2009) has been 213.10 mm; with April with the highest precipitation of 34.4 mm and July with 7.8 mm at the lowest (Table 1). The categorization of climate is done through Demarter, Amberje and Karimi methods (1985). They categorized the area into semi-arid, dry and cold, semi-humid and moderate with cold winters. Table 1: Specification of the climatic elements in Barzok station Annual Mar Feb Jun ِDes Nov Oct Sep Agu Jul Jon Apr May parameters 16.7 10.6 5.1 3.5 5.3 10.9 22.0 25.9 29.1 29.7 25.7 19.7 13.8 Max. temp average 9.1 2.1 -2.5 -3.7 -0.5 5.1 13.5 16.8 19.8 20.1 15.9 10.8 5.4 Min. temp average 35 24.0 15.4 16.0 16.0 22.0 32.0 33.0 35.0 35.0 32.0 27.4 25.0 Max. absolute temp -20 -6.0 -6.0 -20 -2.0 -4.0 6.0 30.0 14.2 12.0 5.5 3.2 -4.0 Min. absolute temp 213.10 29.8 30.9 24.0 22.4 15.7 4.8 7.8 2.2 3.2 7.9 29.91 34.4 Rain(mm) Uneven surface and the soil of the region: Barzok is a mountainous area 1800- 2600 meter above MSL. The soil of the area is mostly of depository type. Three samples of soil from various depths of 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 Cm are selected and analyzed in the soil mechanics laboratory. The findings of the analysis indicate that the structure of the soil from 0-30 depth is Loam, and from 30-60 and 60-90 depths is Sandy Loam. The PH of the soil is of the alkaline type. The capability of electric conductivity of the three samples under investigation is suitable and unlimited for Gole Mohammadi cultivation. Table 2: Analysis of the texture of the soil structure of the test farm Physical tests P a.v.m p.p.m K a.v.a p.p.m N % o.c % T.N V Gypsum % Ph SP % Description Depth (Cm) LAB NO. Text C Si S L 15 37 48 4.46 384 0.06 0.54 26.45 Not seen 8.08 30.98 0-30 1-2920 S.L 13 31 56 2.27 160 0.05 0.51 32.75 Not seen 8.14 27.9 30-60 2-2920 S.L 11 27 62 4.32 108 0.05 0.49 30.66 Not seen 8.14 47.09 60-90 3-2920 Material and Method: In order to analyze the phonological conditions of Gole Mohammadi, a pair of maximum thermometer and a pair of wet and dry thermometer are installed in the screen box of the shelter house in the site. The maximum and minimum variables and wet and dry daily temperature rates are checked in addition to phonological observations 3 times a day at (6:05, 12:05, 18:05 Hrs.) and are recorded in observation cards. In order to check the errors in readings the thermometers of the site were controlled and calibrated through the synoptic station measuring devices in Kashan station. Based on the findings of the meteorological and phonological observations from bud swelling to dormancy (sleep), the major phases of growth, the length of each phase and the required temperature of each phase are calculated. The calculated amount was specified based on (GDD). It should be mentioned that the irrigation program, once every 12 days, followed the irrigation program of the similar farms. Using specific codes in agriculture is a traditional method for describing the phonological growth stages of the plants (Zadoks et al., 1974) .These stages are coded from 0-9 according to BBCH. In this research, BBCH coding system is applied. This scale has a table of 100 sections from 0-99 designed for different phases of the plants’ growth. In this scale, the growth stages are divided into two principal and secondary stages from 01-99. The principal growth stages are described using numbers from 0 to 9; each principal stage is divided in to secondary stages through coding from 1 to 99. In the principal stage for red flowers, BBCH scale has more advantages than that of the Flecking scale for fruit products of Rosaceae group (Fleckinger, 1948). The Flecking scale has only 11 stages, describing the round bud visible bud process mostly, but do not describe the opening of the flower, fruit, germination, leaf production and stem growth stages in full ( Meier et al., 2009). Therefore, all phonological stages of Gole Mohammadi from germination to dormancy (sleep) are based on BBCH and are recorded in the observational cards. Discussion: In order to calculate the required temperature in phonological growth stages of the plant, two popular methods, the effective (GDD) and cardinal temperature are applied. In the effective (GDD) threshold the base biological temperature of the plant is used and in cardinal temperature threshold mostly 0◦C temperature is used as the base temperature. The effective (GDD) is determined through the equation 1, where Tb is the base temperature and Ti is the average daily temperature and n is the time space between the two growth stages per day. Equation (1): Most of the scientists used 5.2 base temperature rates for Hybrid roses and because Gole Mohammadi is a kind of Hybrid rose, the same base temperature is considered 5.2 in order to calculate the effective temperature. The (GDD) is determined through equation 2 because the cardinal temperature is considered above zero. In this equation Tb is zero (Khoshhal and Baratian, 2009).Equation (2) The required level of temperature unit for Red flowers is determined based on the sum of the effective and cardinal temperature rates. Based on the findings illustrated in table 4, the Gole Mohammadi shrub requires 866.2(GDD) based on effective temperature and 1337 (GDD) based on cardinal temperature to accomplish the biological activities until the end of inflorescence stage in the mentioned region. The rate of total (GDD) 5 stages based on effective temperature is 48.5, 174.7, 305.6, 337.4, 1218.1, respectively; the cardinal temperature for the same stages is 134.5, 299.5, 446, 457, and 1644.5, respectively. The maximum temperature unit for Gole Mohammadi inflorescence stage until reaping is 337.4 (GDD) effective temperature and 457 cardinal temperature days; and the minimum temperature unit for germination stage is 48.5 ◦C effective temperature and 134.5 Cardinal temperature days. The sum of effective temperature rate from germination to three leaf pair unfolding stage (until the end of leaf growth) is 223.2(GDD). Conclusion:In this research, the phonological growth stages of Gole Mohammadi are divided in to 5 main stages: germination, shoot production, bud visible, inflorescence and dormancy (sleep). According to table 2, the germination begins on 19 March and ends on 3May. The period of germination is 17 days in this area. This stage begins when the temperature reaches 6.5◦C the average daily, minimum and maximum temperature rates are 2.11 and 13.7◦C, respectively. In the second stage (shoot production) the temperature rate is increased and the growth reached its peak. In this stage the average, minimum, and maximum temperature rates are 12.4, 6.25, 18.7◦C, respectively. The daily minimum and maximum temperature rates belong to the germination and open flower stages which are 7.91 and 19.86◦C, respectively. Among the phonological growth phases of Gole Mohammadi, the bud visible is the longest stage and the germination is the shortest, that take 27 and 17 days, respectively. In general, for Gole Mohammadi, from bud swelling that occurs in the winter dormancy period to reap stage 91 days are required. In general, the growth of Gole Mohammadi begins in second week in March and ends in the fourth week of June. The required temperature unit is calculated through the sum of (GDD) and cardinal temperature methods. Based on the findings, that is illustrated in table 4, the shrub of Gole Mohammadi requires 866.2 (GDD)based on effective temperature and 1337 temperature unit based on cardinal temperature in order to accomplish biological activities until the end of reaping.

In order to investigate the irrigation regimes on the quality traits of three sunflower cultivars in response to K fertilizer of potassium sulfate source, a research was carried out in strip split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications in 1389-90. Main treatments (full irrigation, irrigation at 55 BBCH Irrigation in the 65 BBCH ), different levels of potassium sulphate fertilizer at three levels (zero, 200 and 300 Ha) as the first subplot and three sunflower genotypes called Haisson33 sunflower genotypes, records and Progress as the second sub. According the obtained results the interaction of irrigation × fertilizer on the relative moisture content of leaves and irrigation × fertilizer × cultivar interaction between the protein and oil content were significant. Maximum relative moisture content (89.26) treated by a combination of touch and the potassium content of 300 kg and the lowest relative humidity (39.66) the average stress was without potassium fertilizer. Highest percentage of protein (19.53) and oil (56.76) respectively, the intense stress of the combined rate of 300 kg fertilizer and irrigation in figure Hyson33 complete without potassium fertilizer in the same figure And the lowest percentage of protein (10.33) and oil (43.13) respectively, the combination of full irrigation without fertilizer potassium in the medium stress Hyson 33 and 300 kg of fertilizer rates were obtained from the recession. As a result oil content under drought stress relative humidity decreased but the protein increased under the stress conditions. Therefore potassium can be effective in improving the quality performance in moisture stress condition.

Phenology is concerned with the study of natural period events in the life of plants and animals. Changes in phenological events are one of the important reaction of Living creatures to climate change. In this research, the phenological stages and thermal requirements of black Mashhad sweet cherry cultivar were investigated in the Barzok region of Kashan during the years 1394-95. For this purpose, the monitoring site of the meteorological parameters and phenological stages was created and phenological observations were carried out simultaneously with meteorological observations in accordance with the BBCH scale. The results showed that in the studied area, the cherry tree in its annual biological cycle needs up to 2040 degree-day in terms of effective temperature and 2775 thermal units in terms of active temperature by the end of the period. The highest thermal unit requirement for cherry is related to the shoot development phase, which is equal to 658. 8 degree-day in terms of effective temperature and 845. 5 thermal units in terms of active temperature, and the lowest thermal unit is 91 degree-day in terms of effective temperature and 127 thermal units in terms of active temperature related to the leaf development stage.

In order to investigate chitosan and magnesium-nano fertilizers’ impact on photosynthetic pigments, protein, proline, and soluble sugar contents of sesame under irrigation cut-off treatment, a split-factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized blocks with three replications. Irrigation cut-off based on BBCH scale as the main factor (normal irrigation and irrigation cut-off in 6 and 75 BBCH stages). Secondary factors as subplot included Oltan and Dashtestan-2 sesame cultivars, and foliar application of Mg-nano fertilizer (application and non-application) and chitosan (control, foliar application of 4. 8 g. l-1 in 65 BBCH and 6. 4 g. l-1 in 75 BBCH stages). Based on the results, severe drought stress (irrigation up to 65 BBCH) resulted in reducing the mean of chlorophyll a, b, and total compared to the control treatment. Chitosan foliar application yielded more desirable results compared to those of Mg-nano fertilizer and caused an increase in the mean traits of chlorophyll a, b, total, carotenoid, protein, proline, and soluble sugar. In addition, irrigation up to 65 BBCH (severe drought stress) and non-application of nanofertilizer led to a decrease in chlorophyll content and physiological damage. Based on the findings, chitosan biopolymer, as a natural substance, as well as coapplication of these two can be an appropriate action in order to decrease the plant damage under drought stress regarding the role of Mg in chlorophyll structure and a large number of the plant vital enzymes.

To evaluate the effect of dust on the growth and physiological properties of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) and wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum), a greenhouse experiment was conducted in the Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran during 2016 and 2017. The experiment was repeated twice in the same greenhouse condition with eight weeks' interval. The pots were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. Analysis of variance was done as factorial split in time. The factorial combination of two weeds species (wild mustard and wild barley), and three dust concentrations (0, 750 and 1500 μ g m-3) were as the main factors, and four harvest times (8 leaves (BBCH-18), beginning of stem elongation (BBCH-30), beginning of flowering (BBCH-61) and beginning of fruit developing (BBCH-71)) were as the sub-factors. Results indicated that total fresh and dry weights were reduced with increasing the amount of dust. At the BBCH-71 growth stage, 750 and 1500 μ g m-3 dust concentrations reduced the total dry weight of both species up to 30 and 48%, respectively. 1500 μ g m-3 dust concentration decreased both photosynthesis and transpiration rates by approximately 50%.

A split plot factorial experiment in RCBD with 3 replications was performed in 2012-2013. Three sesame cultivars namely Biarjomand native, Dashtestan 2, and Darab 1 in the main plot were subjected to drought stress at different growth stages, i.e., control (full irrigation), withdrawing irrigation at 69 BBCH (end of flowering stage) and withdrawing irrigation at 79 BBCH (fully grown fruits). Two levels of the foliar application of salicylic acid (0, 0.6 mM) were considered as sub plot. Results indicated that the highest level of carotenoid rate was 0.265 mg/g FW measured at 69 BBCH stage 69 cut of irrigation. The maximum of height, oil percentage, harvest index and grain yield under control treatment were 99.67 cm, 48.26%, 18.2%, and 1147.33 kg, respectively. The results showed that withdrawing irrigation at 69 BBCH caused a significant increase in carotenoid concentration and best results under control conditions were obtained in Darab 1.