The purpose of this research was to study the effects of sex and gender role on friendship patterns between both sexes and the main question of this project is: do gender roles have an effect on friendship patterns? A sample of 197 female students and 138 male students from the University of Tehran were selected to participate in the study. The methods used in this research were two questionnaires of the Friendship Quality (Hejaze, 1996) and Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1981). Data was analyzed using independent t-test and correlation chi square. The results of the study showed that there is a meaningful connection between gender and friendship pattern, for example, the women are more intimate with their friends and, therefore, are more satisfied, whereas men are more trusting of their friends. Additionally, the findings do not indicate any meaningful connection between gender roles and friendship patterns. In fact gender role cannot predict friendship patterns.

Objectives: The aim of the current study was to assess masculine and feminine gender roles in a group of healthy Iranian males and females, using two different instruments and to compare these findings. Method: Eighty-one male and 89 female healthy individuals participated in this cross-sectional study. Gender roles were assessed using gender-masculine (GM) and gender-feminine (GF) scales derived from MMPI-2 and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Sex-typing was performed using median split-half method.Results: Based on the normative data of Iranian population for GM-GF scales, 48.1% of normal males and 37.1% of normal females were undifferentiated on sex-typing and none of them was considered as androgynous. However, BSRI showed that the frequency of androgyny was 6.2% in male and 10.1% in female samples and the frequency of undifferentiated individuals was 39.5% in males and 36.0% in females. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was 0.530 between GM scale of MMPI-2 and masculinity traits in the BSRI and 0.528 between GF scale of MMPI-2 and femininity traits in the BSRI (for both: p<0.001).Conclusion: These two instruments showed moderate correlations. However, it seems that these two instruments measure different attributes of gender roles, though they have considerable overlap.

Osteopontin gene is located at the end of chromosome 6 in cattle and it is one of the most important genes influence on milk protein percentage and reproduction. In this study, blood samples were collected from100 Brown Swiss cows and DNA was extracted from whole blood by modified salting out procedure. Cows were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphism of intron IV by PCR-RFLP and BSRI restriction enzyme method. Breeding values were individually predicted for milk production, fat and protein milk percent traits by restricted maximum likelihood method. Association between polymorphisms and breeding values were calculatedat a 5% significant level. Frequencies of TT, TC and CC genotypes were 0.32, 0.46 and 0.22, respectively. Studied population was inaccord with Hardy-Weinberg expectation. There was no significant association between genotypes and breeding values of milk production, fat or protein percent traits.

In this study, self-differentiation of women in different sex role such as androgyny, male and female is compared and the importance of sex role to attain high level of self-differentiation and to help develop family culture is analysed. The method of this study is comparative.so, for analisis of data multi-variabl variance (Manova) and Scheffe post hoc test are used. Statistical society includes all women married students in state universities of Tehran.200womem married students, according to Multi- stage cluster method, are choosen to answer this questionnaire. The instruments of this study include Bem's sex role (BSRI) and Skowron's self-differentiation questionnaires. The result of this study shows that self-differentiation and its aspects is different in female, male and androgyny sex roles. This means that self_differentaition of women have androgyny sex role is more than other sex roles, but by contrast, its rate in the female sex role is less than the other sex roles.

Neogobius caspius is a small benthic fish that is native of the Caspian Sea. The importance of this fish is because of its role as a main food resource of the Sturgeon fish. The genetic diversity of N.caspius population in the Caspian Sea was studied using PCR-RFLP technique. A total of 135 samples of N.caspius were collected from costal line in the north Caspian Sea, including specimens from costal of Anzali and Chalus. Genomic DNA was extracted by phenol-chloroform method and then was amplified using a pair primer of cytochrom b gene, 2 tRNA gene and the control region sequences by a thermal cycler.R: D2(5'-CCGGAGTATGTAGGGCATTCTCAC-3')F: CY1(5'-YYTAACCRRGACYAATGACTTGA-3')12 restriction enzyme were used to digest the target gene region including: AluI - Alw26I(BsmAI) - BSeNI(BSRI)- DraI- MboI- RsaI- TasI- HincII- BsuRI(HaeIII) - Bsh1285I - Hin1I- Bsu15I. Digested PCR products were observed by silver staining method followed by polyacrilamid gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The results showed the same pattern among the species. There was no polymorphism and no differentiation in population in the Neogobius caspius fish in the southern coast of Caspian Sea.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between gender stereotypes and role conflict which occurs in a marriage setting. Three theories have been used here: Goffman's dramaturgical analysis, Merton's role set, and the liberal feminism. The statistical society includes young married women (20 to 35 years of age) residing in Shiraz, whose length of marriage has surpassed the age of one year. The sample encompasses 287 persons. The research tool consists of two questionnaires: role conflict and gender role (BSRI). Role conflict has been measured in eight domains of: education, employment, financial management, domestic tasks, sexual and affective relations, family and friendship ties, leisure, and the child rear. For data analysis descriptive statistics, significance tests, variance and regression analyses, and path analysis were used. The findings show that a commitment to gender stereotypes reduces the degree of role conflict. Moreover, women with higher and better education, higher status of own or that of the spouse's family, higher income level, experience less role conflict. Nevertheless, with an increase of working hours and diversification of women's roles, the degree of role conflict increases.

Marital burnout has been one of the most important problems for families in recent decades, and many factors contribute to its formation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of dark personality, self-differentiation and gender roles in prediction marital burnout. This research was a descriptive-correlational study. 210 married people (126 men and 84 women) selected and completed the questionnaires of dark triad personality (D3S), self-differentiation questionnaire (DSS), gender roles questionnaire (BSRI) and marital burnout questionnaire (MBS). The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between men’ s differentiation and marital burnout. In the case of women, the results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between Machiavellianism and psychopathy with marital burnout also femininity and androgyny was negatively and significantly correlated with marital burnout. The results of multiple regression analysis also indicated that self-differentiation, masculinity and androgyny (components of gender roles) had a significant role in predicting men’ s marital burnout. In the case of women, Machiavellianism and psychopathy had a significant role in predicting women’ s marital burnout. Based on the results, it can be said that by providing the necessary training in the field of promoting self-differentiation and gender roles and some personality traits, the rate of marital boredom among couples can be reduced.

OPN gene is located in the middle of chromosome 6 and it is reported that this gene is essential for the growth of mammary glands and lactation. UTMP gene is located on chromosome 21 and it plays a role inembryo survival rates and fertility rates. Studies have also shown that these two genes have a significant association with milk production traits and health traits. The aim of this study was to investigate the polymorphism of OPN and UTMP genes in Iranian Holstein Bulls. Genomic DNA of 100 bulls was extracted from semen samples. Primers were designed with Oligo software and utilized for amplification of 826 bp of OPN gene and 568 bp fragments of UTMP gene. PCR products were digested with BSRI enzyme. Results had shown that genotype frequencies CC, CT and TT of OPN gene were 16.69, 48.62, and 34.69, respectively and the allelic frequencies of C and T were 0.41 and 0.51, respectively. Genotype frequencies2 observed for genotypes AB, BB, BC and CC of UTMP were 0.27, 0.49, 0.13 and 0.11 respectively and genotypes AA and AC were not observed in studied population. Results showed that A, B and C allele frequencies were 0.135, 0.69 and 0.175, respectively. The x2 test has shown deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for OPN and UTMP genes in the studied population. With respect to the favoralde effect of both genes on milk production traits, the allelic frequency of these genes could be changed in order to breeding purposes.