In this paper, the writer tries to analyze a hadith (i.e. tradition) on the virtues which is attributed to Imam Ali (p.b.u.h). According to this hadith, the CARDINAL virtues are: wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice. Tracing this tradition the author wants to show that this tradition is a brief account of Greek virtue ethics rather than Islamic ethics, and also is a translation of Socratic and Platonic thoughts on virtues. He first analyses the meaning of arête (virtue) in Greek culture, and the importance of those above mentioned four virtues. Then he describes the transmission of these virtues into Islamic culture and their acceptance by some Muslim ethicists. Finally he compares these virtues with the main virtues introduced and emphasized by the Holy Quran and argue that this tradition is, probably, defective and apocryphal one.

Religious scientists opinion about the numbers meaning in Quran is different. Some of them including Shahab-o-ddin Ebne Edris reject that the numbers shall go out of their main original meaning and shall be applied in their virtual meaning and some others agree that some numbers like seven, seventy, and thousands are indicative of figurative meanings and say about them: the meaning of these numbers is to exaggerate and express the plurality and not quantity determination.In this research, we tried to support the second theory and say about figurative and allusive meaning of some CARDINAL numbers which are applied in Quran in the meaning of exaggeration and expression of plurality. Hence, we searched its various evidences and then we found that some verses which the numbers seven, ten, seventy, seven hundred, thousand and fifty thousand are applied in, the intention of them is not the real meaning of those numbers, but the intention is to express the plurality and exaggeration, because if the intention (of these numbers) is their real meaning, some contradiction will be seen in some of them. In this study, we dealt with studying these numbers in Quran verses relying on descriptive-analytical method.

In spite of the fact that Tribulus terrestris is known as a spring weed but it has a significant input in the medicinal industries, so studying its different developmental stages of the plant will be useful for management of fields to produce it. In order to study the CARDINAL temperatures, a laboratory study was conducted to investigate the effect of different temperatures on seed germination of Tribulus terrestris in a completely randomized design with three replications. Various constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40º C) were considered. The germinated seeds were counted everyday and the rate of germination and germination percentage, normal seedling and CARDINAL temperatures of Tribulus terrestris were measured. CARDINAL temperatures of seed germination were estimated by using three regression models including dent-like, segmented and beta models. The effects of temperatures on rate and percentage of germination and normal seedling were significant. The highest germination rates were detected at 30 º C and the highest germination percentage and normal seedling were detected at 20 and 25 º C. The best model for estimating CARDINAL temperatures was dent-like mode. The base temperature, optimal temperatures and ceiling temperature were, 8, 25, 30. 8 and 37 ° C, respectively.

The germination characteristics of two varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneumL) were investigated at 5 levels of constant temperatures ranging 5, 13, 20, 25 and 32 C. Germination percent ranged from 0 to 90% and the maximum were observed at 130 c to 250 c. Germination percent declined rapidly at temperature greater than 200c and reached zero at 3i c. Rate of germination increased with increasing temperature to 250c and then decreased with increase temperature. Linear relationships were demonstrated between germination rates (1/D50) and temperature for each varieties. The CARDINAL temperatures base (Tb). optimum (T) and maximum (Tc) were obtained 2.5, 25.2, 320c and 320c for York and 0.9, 24.7 and 320 c for gold born respectively.

In order to study the CARDINAL temperatures of seed germination forZiziphora clinopodioides. Lam., an experiment was conducted in Special Plants Research Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2008. The experiment was a completely randomized design with 8 treatments and four replications. Treatments consisted of 8 constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 °C) with 50- 60 percent relative humidity and constant light radiation (12 h lightness / 12 h darkness) during germination for 21 days. CARDINAL temperatures of seed germination for Z. clinopodioides. Lam. were calculated with three models (Intersected-lines Model (ISL), Five-Parameters Beta Model (FPB) and Quadratic Polynomial Model). Results showed that there was no dormancy of seeds of Z. clinopodioides. Lam. Effect of temperature on rate, percentage and average time of seed germination for Z. clinopodioides. Lam. was significant (p≤0.01).Maximum germination percentage and rate of germination at 20°C were 29.6 and 6.37 per day and minimum average time of seed germination was 0.006 per day. Maximum germination rate at 20°C was 0.4. According to three models CARDINAL temperatures including base temperature (Tb), optimum temperature (To) and ceiling temperature (Tc) for Z. clinopodioides. Lam. were varied between 5-5.8, 22-22.6 and 39.5-40.5 oC respectively and their differences was lower than 1 oC., among models.

This research was carried out to estimate the CARDINAL temperatures of Ambrosia psilostachya seed germination and evaluation of some nonlinear regression models. The experiment was performed at Tehran University Weed laboratory in 2022. In this experiment, the seeds were exposed to 8 temperature treatments (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40ºC) with 3 replications in a completely randomized design. The germination rate, seed germination percentage and mean germination time of seeds were measured. CARDINAL temperatures of seed germination were estimated using four regression models including segmented, dent-like and beta (four and five parameters) models. The performance of models and statistical indices was compared by RMSE (root mean squared of error), R2 (coefficient of determination) and AICc (corrected Akaike Information Criterion). Highest germination percentage was obtained at 15, 20 and 25°C (60.3%, 63.7% and 63%, respectively). The Highest germination rate (0.13d-1) and the lowest mean germination time (7.48d) were obtained at 25°C. Due to lower AICc and RMSE, the beta model (five parameters) was the best model for predicting the response of germination percentage to temperature in A psilostachya. Generally, base, optimal and ceiling temperatures were estimated 5, 25.5 and 42.13°C respectively by beta five-parameter model.

Germination is a physiological process that effect stability and final yield. This process is affected by several environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and light and temperature has a significant impact on dormancy and germination. In order to study the CARDINAL temperatures of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgar) an experiment was conducted under laboratory of Physiology Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2010-2011. Experiment was a completely randomized design With 8 constant temperatures (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and, 40 °C) and 4 replications. Results indicated that germination of this plant doesn't occur in the wide range of temperature. Germination percent of seed was in range of 15-30 °C and the highest GP occurred in 15 °C. The effect of temperature on germination rate wasn't significant within the range of 15-25 °C and just outside that range showed a significant decrease. The average time of germination was influenced by temperature and minimum time required for germination was 25 °C. The best model for this temperature range was obtain by ISL models (Intersected-lines). Based on regression between temperature and germination rate in, the CARDINAL temperature were (3.81 °C), (21.1 °C), (42.89 °C) for Tb, To and Tc respectively.

Roselle is an important medicinal and industrial plant of the family of Malvaceae, and is planted in vast areas of Sistan and Baluchestan. In a laboratory study, the effect of varying temperatures on seed germination of Hibiscus sabdariffa was investigated and minimum, optimum and maximum temperatures for its germination were determined in a completely randomized design with four replications. For this purpose, temperatures 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50°C were considered in each treatment. CARDINAL temperatures for germination were determined consistent with three models (i.e., Intersected-lines Model, Five-Parameters Beta Model and Quadratic Polynomial Model). The traits measured were germination percentage, speed of germination and mean germination time. The temperature effect on all the measured traits was significant. The results of the regression analysis showed that the best model in terms of CARDINAL point of this plant is the Five-Parameters Beta Model. Given the results of this model, the minimum and the optimal temperatures for the germination of Roselle are 4.04°C, and 29.83°C, respectively.