Although there is not any report of the outbreak of Babesia bigemina in south, southeast and central regions of Iran, some clinical evidences of Texas Cattle Fever were observed in some native cattle in Sistan region, southeast of Iran. We conducted the present study to morpho-molecular identification of Babesia bigemina, to find the tick-vector and evaluation of clinical symptoms in the affected cattle. In spring 2018, the presence of Babesia bigemina piroplasm was evaluated in the blood specimens of 17 cattle that have been diagnosed with high fever, hemoglobinuria and severe anemia with Giemsa staining method. The collected ticks from affected cattle have been identified morphologically. The clinical symptoms were analyzed and treatment was performed with imidocarb dipropionate. The PCR procedure amplified the Babesia bigemina specific fragment of ITS1-5.8S-ribosomal DNA in blood specimens and tick salivary glands. The morpho-molecular investigations showed Babesia bigemina piroplasm in the blood of 8 numbers of investigated cattle. Also, the ITS1-5.8S-ribosomal DNA of Babesia bigemina was detected in the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus annulatus collected ticks. The clinical disorders of the disease have been treated after administration of Imidocarb dipropionate. The findings of the present study illustrate a new focus of Texas Cattle Fever and its vector in Sistan region, southeast of Iran.

A total of 125 Russian Red Pied cows were genotyped for the prolactim-related gene. The PRL-RsaI genotypes were analysed using the Polymerase chain reaction -restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) method. In this breed, the frequencies of alleles were as follows; A= 0.794 and B= 0.206. The frequencies of AA, AB and BB genotypes were 0.598, 0.392 and 0.01; respectively. Results showed that: BB genotype had higher milk yield than AA and AB individuals (P< 0.05). BB genotype showed higher milk fat yield than AA and AB individuals (P< 0.05). With respect to milk fat content (%), the AB genotype had higher levels than the AA and BB individuals (P< 0.05). No differences between the cows of different PRL-RsaI genotypes were found in terms of milk fat yield and milk protein concentration. The results showed that the highest milk and milk fat yields were obtained by cows with the genotype PRL-RsaI BB. The results presented here demonstrate that the prolactin gene may be considered as a marker for dairy traits in cattle.

Lameness of limbs is one of the most important problems of today's cattle farms, which causes irreparable economic losses, so that about 60% of cows in each herd are lame at least once a year (finger injuries in Iran are 31.8%). Injuries of the digits is one of the major causes of lameness in cattle. Bones of the digits in cattle include the first, second and, third phalanx. Two vestigial digits are existed in cattle. The medial digit and the lateral digit are the main weight bearing structures on the forelimb and hindlimb, respectively. One of the practical treatments for injuries of the digits is its amputation. Among the most important causes of digit amputation, can mention osteomyelitis of finger and navicular bones, septic arthritis of interdigital joints, fractures and hoof traumas that have not responded to other conservative treatment. Most of digit amputation procedures perform under local anesthetic techniques with the cattle standing position. Selection of digit amputation techniques depends on several factors, such as the lesion type and the extent of involved anatomical structures. The most common surgical method is to amputate the digit through the distal aspect of the proximal phalanx without the need for a skin flap, which usually has a good prognosis and is effective in improving the economic life of the animal. Todays, limb amputation and the use of prosthesis are indicated in cattle or calf with untreatable musculoskeletal trauma or infection. General anesthesia is recommended for limb amputation. Although the short-term prognosis for limb amputation is good, the long-term prognosis depends on the weight of the animal and caring condition.

The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of stage of embryonic development, embryo quality and the time of transfer on pregnancy rate in embryo transfer program timed. We were worked a total of 23Holsteincowsasembryo donors, super-ovulated with gonadotropin of pregnant mare serum (PMSG) (2500 3000UI).69 cows were used as recipients of Holstein dairy heifers with an age of20 months and 350 kg average, synchronized with an injection of 500 mg of prostaglandin F2a. The result of embryo transfer is influenced by several variables that can be grouped as related to the embryo, with the recipient and the actual transfer. We conclude that non surgical embryo transfer in cattle provides satisfactory results in terms of production.

One way to recycle crop residue and animal manure is the production of biogas by anaerobic digestion. The present study evaluated and compared the extraction of biogas from residual canola straw, cattle manure and rumen contents. Reactors, mixers, and a hot water bath were designed and manufactured to compare the extraction of biogas from these resources. Substrates were cast into the reactors after mechanical and thermal pretreatment to determine the percentage of carbon to nitrogen and the total and volatile solids. The treatments included: (1) residue of canola straw + manure + rumen contents, (2) manure, and (3) rumen contents. The treatments were compared in a completely randomized design with three replications in one-liter reactors. The results showed that the experimental treatment factors of biogas production, percentage of methane, accumulated methane, and decrease in total solids showed significant differences. Treatment (1) fell into group A with 504. 1 l/kg VS of biogas produced and accumulated methane of 277. 9 l/kg VS. Treatment (2) fell into group B with 178. 6 l/kg VS of biogas produced and accumulated methane of 116. 5 l/kg VS. Treatment 3 fell into group C with 14. 8 l/kg VS of biogas produced and accumulated methane of 4 l/kg VS. The percentage of methane in groups A and B was 55% and 60%, respectively. The percentage of decrease in total solids in treatments (1) and (2) was 59% and 46%, respectively. There were no significant differences between groups B and C for ratio of carbon to nitrogen. The results indicate that fresh cattle manure + rumen contents in combination with canola residue produced the highest accumulated methane and use of this combination is recommended.

Cesarean operation is one of the oldest surgical procedures in veterinary medicine. In farm animals practice, especially in meat producing animals, this technique is a relatively frequent and performed when normal parturition is not possible. Dystocia is the most important reason for cesarean procedure and survival of the cow and the calf, and maintenance of fertility are the main aims of cesarean in cattle. In this article, the history of this technique has been briefly mentioned and the aim of this article is to describe the indications of cesarean, decision making for surgery, preparaton of the patient, different cesarian surgical approaches, as well as post-operative cares and complications in cattle.