The awareness of floods and estimating the debris flow is a fundamental step for assessing risk and planning in the watershed. The village of Sijan, located in the Southern Alborz, is one of the areas threatened by debris flows. The research aimed to estimate the volume of debris flows along 700 m of a stream of Sijan Village time range from 2018 to 2021. The study method included surveying the stream in two-time intervals, which involved one concrete and four gabion checkdams, and calculation of erosion and sedimentation happened via debris flow using the CIVIL-3D software. Results showed that five check dams had 823 m2 and 750 m3 area and volume, respectively. Debris flows covered 25500 m2 after the flood in 2019, in which the estimated erosion and deposition volumes were 7250 m3 and 10100 m3 according to the elevation difference technique. The Sijan stream channel experienced sedimentation and erosion along the northern and southern banks. Implemented watershed management measures have played a vital role in mitigating the risk of debris flows, especially at the concrete check dam.

It is evident that the more the majority of the people of a society are attached to the Social and political Laws and regard them sacred the more they accept them.Human beings observe special rites to show their devotion to the sacred beliefs. A set of these sacred beliefs along with external symbols of them is called the CIVIL religion of a society. We can find it in ancient Greece and Rome, and then in the works of many sociologists and political philosophers such as Rousseau and Durkheim. In modem age, Robert Bella, the American sociologist, claimed that he has discovered another religion besides Christianity but separated from it in the United States. Its basis was the sacredness of CIVIL laws, individuals and related documents. He called this phenomenon CIVIL religion.This paper wants to study critically the root and beliefs of CIVIL religion.

Because police work involves risky split-second deisions, officers become subject to a wide range of investigations, complaints, and legal against them When police fail to  perform them negligently, or abuse their authority ,the possibility of CIVIL liability exists. Police may be responsible in the following cases: CIVIL liability for police use of excessive force. police CIVIL liability for failure to protect, police CIVIL liability for negligent pursuits, police CIVIL liability for failure to arrest intoxicated drivers ,police CIVIL liability for failure to prevent detainee shicide and the liability of traffic officers. We have defind in the article legal foundations for police CIVIL liability and exemptions.

In general, citizenship right is defined in terms of three principles of civic, political and social rights. These rights are considered to be the main constituents of human rights. Citizens in democratic societies enjoy the rights and privileges granted to the citizens by the constitution, CIVIL law and other social rules and regulations. Citizenship as a status and modern social role is composed of an interdepended collection of inclusive equal rights and duties, social belonging, the enjoyment of justice and equal protection of law irrespective of the race, ethnicity, class, culture and religion. Problems and obstacles accompanying the administration of the rights of citizenship in Iran, are more than anything else, obscurity surrounding the citizenship status, unfamiliarity of citizens of their rights and obligations, the lack of opportunity to train and educate citizens of their CIVIL rights and finaly internalization of these rights by individuals in various layers of society. This article explores factors serving as obstacles to the citizen’s awareness of their CIVIL rights and then offers viable procedural approaches to the realization and administration of CIVIL rights.

Nahjolbalaghe that contains the precious saying of Amir al-Momenin Ali (A. S) from the time that it has been written by Seyyed Razi in the second half of the fourth century has attracted much attention of the scientists and scholars in various fields of Islamic science. Perhaps literati and theologians who has gained greatest benefit from the sea of teachings of Ahl Bayt (A. S), and on the other hand, jurisprudents and especially their predecessors have cited less of this valuable book in proving jurisprudential topics, including CIVIL law. In this study, we have attempted to defend from the Nahjolbalaghe as a juridical source and by studying some juridical issues based on Nahjolbalaghe we want to show that jurisprudents and researchers are forced to refer to this valuable book in their juridical inferences and especially in topics related to the CIVIL law. And since the CIVIL law issues have been raised widely in Nahjolbalaghe, it has been content with some of its examples in this study that in any case, while examining the arguments of jurists, the way of arguing with Nahjolbalaghe for proving the proposition in question has been expressed.

The jury is a group of different classes of the community who work as representatives of public opinion in dealing with claims. Although this institution has been accepted in most legal systems, in rare cases, its admission is limited to criminal cases and it doesn’ t apply in the CIVIL proceedings. However, in some legal systems, including the United States and Australia, the jury is also foreseen in CIVIL cases. In this paper, we will study the position and the positive function of the jury in CIVIL proceeding in the legal systems that have accepted the jury in CIVIL cases and possibility of the acceptance of the jury in the legal systems of Iran. One of the important effect of the jury is the deterrence and encouragement aspect of that in tort cases in the legal system of United State.

“Generosity” that has always had a close association with mysticism throughout the history has also influenced the “CIVIL life” in Islamic societies. This is not just intellectual influence but it brought about social and political changes as well. Some try to reduce “generosity” to common mysticism; this, however, seems not to be able to clarify its role in the development of the social life of the ritual completely. Throughout the history, generosity has penetrated into the social life and work of common people, and, therefore, mixed with their thoughts. It has, thus, been so much able to mix mystical concepts with the CIVIL life that it is regarded as a type of CIVIL mysticism. This paper tries to prove this point.

Freedom is one of the major themes of democracy. Freedom is a basic principle or mother value in every society, which causes the reproduction of two other remarkable themes in democracy: a. Appearance of awareness on fundamental political rights in all or at least most of the people.b. Establishment of necessary social and political structures to administer the right of participation of all people in the administration of public affairs. The nature of democracy becomes more evident in the course of the history by studying its existing practical forms which have led to the establishment of the most modern democratic systems in the advanced industrial societies of today. Whereas the advanced industrial societies have different social and political forms, the democratic systems too, follow these forms to establish different kinds of democracy.In view of the various interpretations of the CIVIL society, two major interpretations are initially introduced so that definition and description of the subject are made on their bases. These interpretations,(a) limited and (b) broad, have been developed from the point of view of social and political theorists, each enjoying strong foundations in the social and political literatures. Hence, the re-proposition of the CIVIL society and drawing attention toward its concept has objective and universal reasons, whose introduction and description seem to be useful for recognition of "justification" of this issue.In summing up the topics, the interlacing of necessary pre-requisites for the implementation and functioning of a democracy with features and characteristics of the CIVIL society have been shown more clearly, and stress is placed on their mutual interaction. We come to the final message after a brief discussion, that is, in view of the present developments in the social and political currents of our time, "cultural relativity" is gradually taking the place of "cultural reasonability”.