This article attempts to study the descriptions of Mashhad’s Chaharbagh and the events in historical texts from its construction in Shahrukh’s Timurid era until it’s destruction in the early Qajar era. In this regard, an introduction will be presented about the concept and the history of Mashhad’s Chaharbagh; and then the issues cited in Timurid, Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar eras historical texts will be studied. The historical dimensions and the most important events that have occurred in Chaharbagh which are affected the destiny of Iran, would be revealed and evaluated. One of the most important historical periods of Chaharbagh is late Safavid and Afsharid eras when, Mashhad as the capital of Iran and Chaharbagh as the court occupies an important place in history of Iran. Distressed situation of Iran after Afghans’ attack and the quick replacement of power in the late Safavid era has affected the events  that occurred in Chaharbagh. The findings of this research, on the one hand suggest that although today’s Chaharbagh such as Safavid Chaharbagh of Esfahan is known as a street, in the Timurid era Chaharbagh was constructed like heavenly gardens that engulfed the palace. But because of the evolutions started from the Safavid era, the environment and the concept of this monumental place changed; the changes include the settlement of the city governor, Nader shah’s  court and  his successors. On the other hand ,a review on the  events occurred in Mashhad’s Chaharbagh from the late Safavid era until the establishment of Qajar dynasty, indicate the unique situation of Mashhad in this region in that difficult historical passage which deserves more study.

This article attempts to study the descriptions of Mashhad’s Chaharbagh and the events in historical texts from its construction in Shahrukh’s Timurid era until it’s destruction in the early Qajar era. In this regard, an introduction will be presented about the concept and the history of Mashhad’s Chaharbagh; and then the issues cited in Timurid, Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar eras historical texts will be studied. The historical dimensions and the most important events that have occurred in Chaharbagh which are affected the destiny of Iran, would be revealed and evaluated. One of the most important historical periods of Chaharbagh is late Safavid and Afsharid eras when, Mashhad as the capital of Iran and Chaharbagh as the court occupies an important place in history of Iran. Distressed situation of Iran after Afghans’ attack and the quick replacement of power in the late Safavid era has affected the events  that occurred in Chaharbagh. The findings of this research, on the one hand suggest that although today’s Chaharbagh such as Safavid Chaharbagh of Esfahan is known as a street, in the Timurid era Chaharbagh was constructed like heavenly gardens that engulfed the palace. But because of the evolutions started from the Safavid era, the environment and the concept of this monumental place changed; the changes include the settlement of the city governor, Nader shah’s  court and  his successors. On the other hand ,a review on the  events occurred in Mashhad’s Chaharbagh from the late Safavid era until the establishment of Qajar dynasty, indicate the unique situation of Mashhad in this region in that difficult historical passage which deserves more study.

Isfahan's Chaharbagh School-Mosque is considered as a valuable relic of the art and architecture of the Safavid era, which has preserved its splendor after more than three centuries. Knowing the basics and principles used in the design and construction of this building and the arrangements thought for its social and historical meaning can be a model for today's architecture, in order to achieve excellence in terms of form and meaning. The purpose of the current research is to explain and analyzing the various aspects of stability and reliability of this building and to discover its unique physical and spatial features. The mentioned research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and data collection has been done in documentary and field form. For this purpose, the climatic, social, economic, historical and aesthetic aspects are analyzed and evaluated in a qualitative way, taking into account the physical, semantic and spiritual characteristics of the building. The results show that the building of the Chaharbagh School mosque not only considered the climatic characteristics from an environmental point of view to provide a pleasant environment compatible with the surrounding nature, but it was also socially and economically stable. The use of Islamic art in the arrays of covering surfaces has made the building beautiful in terms of beauty. In such a way that you can see a dynamic and lasting treasure of art and architecture in it.

respond to users’ needs is essential. With the advent of the second wave of urban development in developing countries, part of urban fabrics affected by modernist interventions has changed and metamorphosed to the point that they have lost their meaning and function, consequently leading to the degradation of biological values and weakening of the identity of the place. With this continuing trend and the lack of attention to the background, these neighborhoods are being transformed into places devoid of meaning and identity fathomable by citizens. Research objective: This study aims to extract the quality components of urban streets systematically by formulating the process of regenerating urban streets with a focus on promoting identity and analyzing Chaharbagh Street to propose complementary interventions to further promote its identity. Research method: This study used a mixed approach using the descriptive-analytical method. Triangulation was used to strengthen the research and increase the validity of the findings. The focus group method and a public questionnaire were used to collect the data. The data from the focus group were analyzed using coding, and the data from the questionnaire were analyzed using the Friedman method and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS. Conclusion: The theoretical results revealed essential components of urban streets: access, spatial continuity, safety, and security, inclusiveness, and social mixing, quality of the public space, enclosure and transparency, diversity, mixed land uses, and supporting stakeholders. Modifying accessibility and adjusting the size of urban blocks and mixed land uses, designing urban furniture, and strengthening citizens’ perceptions of space (by increasing legibility, the proportion of new forms, and spatial unity) can improve the identity of Chaharbagh Street in Herat. Research objective: The present research tries to extract the components of urban street environment quality through a methodical study so that in addition to recognizing and analyzing Chaharbagh Street, it can provide suggestions for directing physical interventions with the aim of promoting identity. Research Method: This research has been done with a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach and using a descriptive-analytical method. In order to strengthen the research and further validate of the findings, Triangulation Sampling was used. Center group method and popular questionnaire were used to collect data. Data analysis from the center group was performed using coding analysis method and data obtained from the questionnaire was performed using Friedman method, Pearson correlation coefficient and SPSS. Conclusion: The results indicate that basically the most important components of urban streets for researchers are access, spatial continuity, safety, security, inclusion, social mixing, quality of public space, confinement, transparency, diversity, mixing of land uses. and supporting stakeholders, improving access and adjusting the size of urban blocks, strengthening citizens' perception of space (by increasing readability fit of new forms and spatial unity), diversityو mixing of land use and design of urban furniture are some of the measures that promote identity.

The protection of species diversity is one of the objects of ecosystem management and species diversity has correlation with ecosystem characteristics. Measuring diversity may interpret the species distribution in rangelands and also to help for management recommendation according to the ecosystem dynamics. In this research, we investigate the diversity of medicinal plants in Chaharbagh rural rangelands located in the south of Gorgan, Golestan province. Sampling was done using 90 plots located on 5 transects with random-systematic method. After the identification of medicinal plants, their density in each plot was recorded. Then their family, life span and biological form were determined. Shannon-wiener, Simpson and McIntosh diversity indices were used to determine the diversity. Results showed that the study area has a medium diversity of medicinal plants and species like Gallium verum, Achillea millefolium, Cynodon dactylon and Euphorbia rigida were the most abundant.

Evaluating the ecological and economic potential is an effective step and a suitable tool to guide the current activities and uses in the land towards comprehensive management and sustainable rural development. Identifying and evaluating the potentials of each region is a guide for achieving development in sync with nature in rural areas dependent on nature. In this study, the economic value of forage production in Rangelands of ChaharBagh village of Golestan province was investigated in 2020. Typing the vegetation types of the region by going to the desired area and field survey and also with the help of the topographical map of the region and also by using the plan to recognize the ecological regions of the country and based on the specified floristic-physionomic classification method and sampling of each vegetation types. It was done randomly and systematically. 6 plant types were identified in the study area. Three transects with 300m length were established in each plant type according to the key area, topographical conditions, and size of each type, and three plots of 1, 3, and 20 m2 were established along each transect to measure the canopy cover percentage and production. The measurement of production was done by the double method (regression relationship between the coverage percentage and cutting and weighing). In order to measure the economic value of forage, the method of market price and income from each animal per year was used. The results of the study showed that the total forage production in the pastures of Chaharbagh village is equal to 6203605 kilograms of dry forage and available fodder (sustainable forage) is equal to 1763925 kilograms. The economic value of the total forage produced in the pastures of Chaharbagh village is equal to 52, 284, 110, 52 riyals, and the total economic value of the available forage of these pastures is estimated to be 11, 904, 012, 960 riyals. The total capacity of livestock units, considering efficiency and economic value, amounted to 4749 heads, resulting in an estimated annual profit of 12, 760, 821, 000 rials. Consequently, the added value of animal husbandry in the studied pasture is equal to 040, 747, 917 rials. Recognizing the pivotal role of pastures in sustaining rural livelihoods, determining their economic value can facilitate planning and managing their proper and principled use, thereby ensuring sustainable food security in rural communities.

Developments in science and technology have had many effects on human lives causing the formation of new views and procedures in various disciplines such as architecture and urbanism. One of these views is the Complexity Theory and the geometry of organic structures such as fractal geometry that have influenced the urban issues. Euclidean geometry is dominated by the concept of things as having one, two or three dimensions. This is suitable for describing objects or shapes that are completely regular, but Mandelbrot (1977) argues that much of the ‘natural’ world, and it is also argued here that much of an urban development, cannot be adequately described using the concepts of Euclidean geometry. It should be noted that this discussion applies to the 3D material world. Mandelbrot (1977) used the term ‘fractal’ to describe shapes or objects that demonstrate repeating patterns when examined at increasingly smaller scales, which demonstrate scale invariance (Mandelbrot, 1977). This special quality of scale invariance shows up in many natural patterns that can be identified and quantified by a parameter called “fractal dimension”. Nowadays, fractal analysis and the calculation of fractal dimensions offer a practical method in urban studies at different scales. Implementing the fractal geometry in realizing and analyzing urban structures in different scales has been the course of action for a number of researchers so far. In fact, most of these studies have used the fractal dimension as a quantitative criterion for the assessment and evaluation of city structures in different viewpoints ranging from the manner of developments in cities and the factors affecting it to the relationship between environmental qualities and the fractal dimension in urban spaces. In other words, different individuals have studied this relationship while trying to quantify the qualities existing in the space. But most of the researches have focused on analyzing the fractal structure of the city and have done limited work in new developments using the results of these researches. Apart from other researchers’ attempts to introduce fractals in architecture, another crucial attempt to introduce fractals to architecture was made by Carl Bovil in his book, Fractal Geometry in Architecture and Design (Hagerhall, 2004). His approach is more practical and more concerned to suggest a method to layout the project according to fractals. With an extensive introduction on fractal geometry, he delves a great deal into the mathematical aspect of fractals trying to base his method on the idea of fractal dimension. He uses fractal dimensions to produce a fractal rhythm of different sized elements. The important point in this method that sets it apart from others is that it elicits patterns from the existing context to analyze and offers guidelines in new developments along a dynamic process that adjusts different personal ideas. Nowadays, organic cities with their complex systems have gone through a lot of changes. As a result of these changes, a valuable structure of such cities is suffering from decay and destruction. Also, realizing the hidden order in such structures and developing this system to new or replacement structures and developments have turned out to be the main concern of architects and urban designers. One of the problems that many cities in Iran are facing with is the new construction in the more developed zone around historical sites. The challenge one faces when being inspired by the valuable historical structures for the purpose of modeling for the development of new constructions is the fact that copying the existing embedded structures often turns out to be discouraging and self-imposed. The main question focused on in this research is how one can create a new historical-oriented structure while maintaining the environmental qualities of valuable historical structures without repeating the existing patterns bearing in mind the modern taste, materials, and technologies. In this paper, fractal geometry is used as a means to determine the degree of complexity and its desirability. This research provides a fractal analysis of valuable facades linking the calculation of fractal dimension to context indicators from existing patterns. ChaharBagh-Abbasi Street as structural axis of Isfahan has many historical buildings and nowadays is known as main retail street in the city. Therefore, improving the quality of space and reforming the facades are in priority. This street is selected as a case study and the fractal dimension of its valuable façades were calculated using the method of box-counting with professional software Benoit 1.3. After that the obtained numbers of fractal dimension were converted to a grid-like and we suggest guideline for new developments or projects of reconstruction in this historical street.

Throughout history, “creation of garden” has been one of the most spectacular human activities. Art of gardening is considered as one of the ancient Iranian arts that has valuable traditions and spiritual power. Stepping into an Iranian garden compels us to think about this idea that what mysteries have been concealed behind its adorned appearance. It has not gotten old over the centuries. Also invites modern human being for a visit with its tempting perspective. Surrounding environment and the amount of water cause the appearances of gardens in Iran. Since the information about the gardens of Samarkand are limited to reports of Clavijo and a number of articles, and most gardens of Samarkand and Isfahan don’t exist now, the physical structures of gardens in Samarkand and Isfahan are the main issue of this paper so that the present contents in this study will be a step for further studies in this field.Accordingl this study by a descriptive – historical approach, intends to identify the elements that have formed Timurid gardens and Safavid gardens and the similarities and differences between these gardens in two different eras. Indeed, the descriptions that represented in these two periods have more detailed than previous periods and these have helped to recognize the gardens in these periods. Also the question will be responded that how much Timurid gardens and especially the gardens which had built in Samarkand by Timur, affected on the subsequent gardens. We consider gardens in these two eras i.e., Timurid and Safavid eras, by the aid of historical descriptions, itineraries and documents and comparison them with each other as well as studies which done by contemporary researchers, it is concluded that Safavid style landscape gardening, especially the Chaharbagh avenue, roots in Timurid era.

The Persian garden as one of the best patterns of landscaping with a glorious history is the result of the interaction of the Iranian human with nature. This phenomenon is core of several theories and discussion.Among different factors in the creation of the Persian garden with its specific geometry the ‘Chaharbagh’ pattern is the most famous one. This pattern is well-known as a garden divided with two orthogonal axis including water channels in which the cross-section of the axis shapes the main pound and the kiosk of the garden. This definition of the Persian garden is the most know among the scholars and the researchers.The Chaharbagh Pattern has become so famous that many authors and researchers have accepted it as a fundamental principle and apply that as an archetype without knowing the roots of this concept. Most of the literature about the Persian garden confirms the idea that the concept of the Persian garden without the Chaharbagh pattern is meaningless. This paper aims to challenge this pattern in the Persian garden by having a critical approach towards the literature review and raise the question that whether it is possible to know the chaharbagh as the geometric pattern of the Persian garden or not.The hypothesis of this paper is that the chaharbagh pattern neither can be the reason for the Persian garden being divided into four parts nor for its geometry. In this regard different definitions of chaharbagh in the literature and its historical background will be disscused to support the hypothesis.

Based on the idea of order nature, Alexander1 regards all the phenomena of universe in living structures and nonliving structures and takes the patterns of living structures in terms of total whole and strong centers. This theory is formed as 15 interrelated characters of strong centers.Regarding the opinions of Persian garden researchers, Persian garden is a cultural phenomenon interwoven with different natural elements and artifacts based on geometrical sets. The attention to the recognition of total whole and explanation of strong centers can bring about a new look at Persian garden.The question of the research is extent of generality of Alexander`s theory in Chaharbagh and selected gardens in Isfahan studied in analytic method with quality approach.The results of the research show that the features of living structures such as level of scale, strong centers, boundaries, alternating repetition, and etc. are adaptable with selected gardens of Isfahan relatively but their roles are not the same while Level of scale, strong centers, positive space, alternating repetition, echoes, boundaries and good shape play greater role in creating life. Chaharbagh is of greater life as a public space and the role of strong centers, contrast, not – separation and roughness is seen to be greater.