Objective The prevention against tobacco dependence project (PAD) in Iran is an interventional project that is in progress in four phases with a focus on the prevention of tobacco use from childhood to adolescence. This study, as the second phase of this project, aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the PAD project by investigating the knowledge and attitudes of school students with and without education based on this project. Methods This is a quasi-experimental and quantitative study that was conducted in Varamin, Iran, in 2022. Using a proportional stratified sampling method, 200 school students who were PAD helpers were selected as the intervention group and 200 non-PAD students as the control group. The educational intervention was about prevention against tobacco products provided by using booklets, pamphlets, brochures, posters, educational videos, holding scientific, cultural and artistic competitions, providing consulting services, and recreational and training camps. A 57-item questionnaire was designed based on the World Health Organization questionnaires. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 23 using t-test and Pearson’s correlation test. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The mean score for the knowledge of the harms of tobacco in the PAD (24.41±0.32) and non-PAD (21.02±0.32) groups showed the significantly higher knowledge of the PAD group (P<0.05). Moreover, the mean score for the attitude variable in the PAD (18.156±0.31) and non-PAD (15.752±0.31) groups showed the significantly higher attitude of the PAD group (P<0.001).  Conclusion The PAD project has been effective in increasing awareness and changing the attitude of school students in Iran regarding tobacco smoking during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction: One of the most important factors related to onset and maintenance of substance abuse is early maladaptive schemas. The present study was conducted to compare early maladaptive schemas in opium dependence and non dependence people.Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in 2011 among men (aged 15-65 years) of Zahedan (Iran). Overall 240 participants were asked to complete the Young Schemas Questionnaire-short form. One hundred and twenty of participants were recruited from people who met DSM-IV criteria of substance dependence disorder and other 120 subjects selected from general population (men, aged 15-65 years) of Zahedan. This research was post expose factorand in addition to descriptive methods was used t tests method to data analysis compare.Results: Results have shown that substance dependent patients had significantly higher scores for most maladaptive schemas including disconnection, impaired autonomy, performance and over-vigilance than non dependent people (P<0.01).Conclusion: Because maladaptive thoughts are core beliefs and they develop in early years of life and hypothesized to play a significant role in development of substance use, thus preventive and treatment strategies for addressing the maladaptive and dysfunctional thoughts highly recommended.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare early maladaptive schemas and life styles in drug dependences and normal population to recognize their role in drug dependence. Due to their importance in interpretation of special situations, cognitive schemas and life styles have a significant role in cognitive theories.Methods: The methods of this research were post-facto and sectional styles. The populations were included of 100 drug dependence adults and 100 non-drug dependence who were selected by at-reach methods. Young early maladaptive schema-short form and Basic Adlerian scales for interpersonal success-adult form questionnaires were used.Findings: the results showed that there were significant differences between early maladaptive schemas and life styles in groups under research.Conclusion: the study showed that drug dependence people suffer from high levels of early maladaptive schemas and their life styles are maladaptive. As a result, in prediction of dependence to drug and in treating it too much attention must be given to cognitive factors.