Personal and social problems which caused by intellectual, emotional and spiritual conflicts are one of the factors which leads poets to despair, grief and pessimism. The examination of Shahriar poems indicated his emotional, sentimental, and sensitive moods towards his surroundings and society. Despair and pessimism, loneliness and even thinking about death are obvious in his poems. These are rooted in emotional issues, complaint about the beloved, loneliness and homesickness, social issues, failure to the youthfulness, nostalgia of childhood and cultural, political and economic issues. These factors caused his poems to be regarded as a black literature in a way that his emotional and spiritual thinking leads him to Misanthropy, and thinking about death. The present paper aimed to present some samples of his grief and despair which were illustrated in his dark, despair and sad poems.

Sadegh Hedayat is the most distinguished and contemporary author of black literature at the field of writing story in Iran which his works has formed on the basis of excessive despair. In this essay, it has first introduced signs of despair at his states and works, then analyzed causes of his despair with regard to historical, sociological and psychological approaches. It should be emphasized that his pessimism feeling has originated from his personal characteristics as well as various mental, political, social and family factors. Thus, mental philosophical atmosphere and common literary schools of Hedayat's age have been explained. Also, political events of Iran and world have been described especially during the reign of Reza Shah ,which was the first era of black literature in Iran. Moreover, it presents family and social problems causing Hedayat's despair.

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This essay was written about philosophical despair and investigating the causes and factors of its creation in the poetry of Simin Behbahani. The chosen research method for that, is the "thematic analysis" method; in this order, all the themes were extracted from the poems and the high frequency of philosophical themes and their fusion with philosophical despair caused this article to investigate its causes and factors by referring to Simin's speech. The results of the research show that, the sonnet, in addition to all the content functions has had so far, it can also have the capacity to express philosophical issues, as Simin Behbahani in his sonnet  has raised philosophical topics such as creation, death, determinism, time, etc. due to the fact that all these concepts in her  sonnet are associated with a kind of philosophical despair  and it can be observed sometimes explicitly and indirectly- referring to signs such as pessimism and objection to creation, wish for death, delay and slowness of time, death of belief and belief in Internal and social constraints -  in her poems. Part of the causes of this despair can be considered to be rooted in personal issues such as family problems, passing of life and the experience of old age and sensitivity of the poet, loss of friends and loved ones, and part of it is related to the social and political issues of his society that it is full of suffocation and darkness for the poet, it is relevant  

Happiness as something positive is vital to being healthy. It may be influenced by individual or environmental factors. The aim of this study is to examine the determinants of social happiness and despair among young men and women from the young’s and experts’ point of view. This research carried out by theme analysis.Statistical population consists of 60 people (47 young and 13 experts) selected by a purposeful sampling method. Findings revealed that external and social factors like economical problems, unemployment and underemployment had highest priority in social happiness. Conversely, personal factors such as motivation, religious beliefs, self satisfaction, health and personality were found to have limited role in social happiness. The same finding was found about social despair. The experts, unlike the youth argued that personal factors like life goal and identity seeking are more important in creating happiness or despair. So, we come to this conclusion that marriage, job, inter-family relationship and, much importantly and economic consistency are noticeable to make the youth become happy and satisfied. Therefore, planners and decision makers must refer to young peoples’ points of view to find what prevent them to stay happy.

Background and purpose: Cyclosporine (Cyc) is a calcineurin inhibitor used in immunosuppressive therapy that may cause psychological problems such as depression. Previous investigations have shown the positive antidepressant effects of dextromethorphan (Dxt). Therefore, the aim of this study was the evaluation of the Dxt effect on Cyc-induced depression in an animal model of despair in two separate cohorts. Experimental approach: Male albino mice were used, first total activity was evaluated by the locomotor test, and then after that, the immobility time during the forced swimming test was measured as an indicator of depression. Cyc, Dxt, and fluoxetine (the reference antidepressant drug) were all administered IP. Tests were performed either 4 h after injection (cohort 4 h) or in separate groups 24 h after injection (cohort 24 h). Findings/Results: Cyc reduced total activity measured after 4 h in the locomotor test and it was normalized after 24 h. Immobility time dose-dependently increased during the forced swimming test and remained so after 24 h (cohort 24 h; Cyc 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, 157 ± 22, 180 ± 8, and 228 ± 4 s, respectively; Cyc 40 mg/kg P < 0. 001 vs control 142 ± 13 s) that indicated Cyc induced depressive-like behavior. Dxt (30 mg/kg) like fluoxetine reduced the immobility time when co-administered with Cyc compared with Cyc and remained effective after 24 h (cohort 24 h; 120 ± 30, P < 0. 001 vs Cyc 40 mg/kg alone). Conclusion and implications: Dxt was a useful drug for preventing Cyc-induced depression that remained effective for 24 h in mice. Since interpretation from animal studies to humans must be done with caution further clinical studies on the effect of Dxt in patients suffering from psychological side effects of Cyc may be reasonable.

The stories in Mathnavi are full of optimism and hope; to the extent that it can be said Rumi believes that happiness and exuberance are regarded as original and essential issues. As a matter of fact the human spirit is based on hope, while despair, sorrow and misery, and sadness are phenomenal and temporary. This paper is written using the attributive method and reasoning; interpreting all the elements, specially the contents and characterization of the stories. It intends to reveal this concept; that hope fully exists in the depth of Rumi's poetical stories in a manner that one fails to separate them from the essence of these works. Also the pictures in his poetries are full of concepts related to hope and its devices. In addition to the mentioned features, happiness, vitality and avoiding any sorrow is clear-cut in his poetries. Rumi's view towards nature indicates hope too. Even when he speaks of autumn, he regards it as rebirth, and resurrection of spirit and finally a preparation stage for Spring. Along with all that, Rumi relates to spring as the regrowth of nature. Despair, sorrow and sadness do not have a considrable share in his poetries.Studying the external, the internal and also the marginal music of Mathnavi Maanavi reveals that he is the poet of hope. Even abundance of -intonation-emphasizing happiness and life in creating rare or new intonation- in Rumi's Ghazals (sonnets), show a mind having tendency towards innovation, while heregards despair as a means for devastating the mind.

The title of this essay is about Mahdi Akhavan Sales’ dissatisfaction of his environment and society in which he lived. Having studied and surveyed all his verses and bringing about the reasons for his dissatisfaction, I conclude that hopelessness which is seen in some of his poems, virtually has another reason in relation with himself and his fellow countrymen in society which has showed itself in various forms, the most important of which are: raging with anger, hate and imprecation, ridicule and buffoonery, invitation to struggle and hope or lamentation, even depression and despair.

This study investigates the themes of despair and hopelessness in the poetry of Mazaher Mosaffa, a contemporary Iranian poet. Considering the role of literature, particularly poetry, in reflecting the spiritual and social states of human beings, this research seeks to analyze the ways despair and hopelessness are represented in his poetry. The central question is: how have social, political, and personal conditions influenced the formation of these concepts in contemporary poetry, and in what style and language has each poet expressed these emotions? The main objective is to identify the common aspects in addressing despair and hopelessness and to examine the historical and individual causes influencing them. The research method is descriptive–analytical, and through the examination of selected poetic samples, themes related to hopelessness have been extracted and compared. Findings indicate that Mosaffa, with a mystical–melancholic approach, reflected hopelessness in a unique manner. The results reveal that despair in his poetry is not merely an individual feeling but also a reaction to the social and historical disorders of his era. This study further demonstrates that despite stylistic differences, common motifs such as loneliness, death-consciousness, and a sense of defeat appear in his works, reflecting the spirit of a generation of intellectuals and contemporary Iranian literati.

Background & Aim: Self-efficacy and despair are factors that can directly affect the quality of life of individuals. This study aimed to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and despair in young individuals and was carried out on elementary students.Methods: This research is a descriptive and correlational study. The study sample consisted of both girl and boy students of Mohtashami Elementary School in the city of Torbat Heydariyeh. From the population, a total of 89 girls and boys were selected using the stratified random sampling method. In this study, the measuring tools were Scherer's self-efficacy questionnaire, the scale of despair of Kazdyn and demographic information. The accumulated data was processed using spss software, version 20.Results: The results showed there was no significant correlation between the efficacy and despair in boys (r=-0.13, sig=0.546). However, there was a significant inversed correlation between efficacy and despair in the girls; and the correlation coefficient (r=-0.48) and a significant amount (sig=0.006) was obtained.Conclusions: It can be concluded that an increase in self-efficacy of students could reduce despair. Suitable self-efficacy methods should be introduced and strengthened in classroom environments. More research needs to be done on this subject in the future.