Purpose: To report a case of solar retinopathy due to inadvertent exposure to the sun while piloting a Drone without protective eyewear. Methods: A 29-year-old male underwent a complete eye exam including optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the macula. Results: Bilateral juxtafoveal outer retinal microcystic cavities present on OCT consistent with solar retinopathy. Conclusion: With the increasing popularity of unmanned aircrafts, eye protection awareness during Drone use is essential.

Autonomous hovering of AR. Drone 2. 0 quadcopter, which is an important subject and prerequisite for other autonomous UAV applications, is the goal of this paper. We propose a new method, called GSPnP, for pose estimation using only the bottom camera of the robot. Moreover, an optimal fuzzy controller, called TGM, is designed in order to stabilize the quadcopter hovering. Then, the optimal parameter values for the controller are obtained. The current position of the robot, relative to the ArUco library marker, is computed using our proposed GSPnP algorithm and the images of the bottom camera. The current position is sent to the controller and the output is computed based on the ROS AR. Drone 2. 0 driver and is sent to the robot simulated in the Gazebo world. The results indicate a more accurate and desirable performance of GSPnP method and TGM fuzzy controller in controlling the robot position compared with other methods with an error of less than 30, 40, and 20 millimeters in x, y, and z directions, respectively.

Due to the drastic change in aerodynamic parameters, the problem of controlling the landing mode will be much more complicated than the high altitude flight. On the other hand, the presence of obstacles in the way of the bird's landing is another condition that should be considered in the design of the controller. Thus, according to the above, it is necessary to use the predictive controller to solve the problem. This controller inherently has a high resistance to model change. Also, if this controller is used in a restricted manner, it can be used to bypass obstacles in the path of movement during landing. The aim of this paper is to control the system for automatic landing by means of model-based pre-interlinear control. The reason for using the pre-interlinear controller is the presence of obstacles in the path of movement and the fulfillment of the constraints in the environment to remove the obstacles. As a final result, this controller is designed in such a way that the effect of external disturbances on the bird is minimized and the stability of the system is not jeopardized by the emergence of model uncertainties. Also, in this method, the effect caused by the delay of the external navigation system is taken into account in the closed loop system and the stability of the system is guaranteed. Finally, the proposed controller design is calculated for a real bird model and its performance simulation in the presence of obstacles, lateral and longitudinal wind is presented.

Increasing the rate of Drone's usage growth, improvement of infrastructure needed for Drone's development by governmental investment, vast and diverse applications and good outcome of the technology depicts special situation for this technology in the future. Moreover, special structural characteristics of this aerial vehicle, cause concern in governments about infrastructure, assets protection, securities and in nations for privacy issues. Governments try to have long term strategical planning to remove obstacles before Drones development to make profit from opportunities that Drones provide in different area, such as job creation, decrease costs, management of natural disasters, etc. here, After surveying opportunities and challenges of Drones development in Iran, solutions to UAV traffic management are reviewed in detail.

The 9/11 witnessed the most destructive terrorist assaults in recorded history, and the attacks led to far bloodier conflicts as part of the subsequent war on terror. Terrorism has become the defining issue of International politics of the 21 century. Hence because of the spread of the ideology, the Drone together with Information Communication Technology (ICT) contribute to the counter-terrorism mission by providing universal intelligence, surveillance and hostile strike capabilities to control and reduce the recruitment pool of terrorist groups. This paper focuses on Modelling and Analysis of Counter-terrorism using Drone as a control technique with five compartments. The results showed that use of Drone to fight against terrorist/insurgency appear to be 80\% significant reduction on their strength, kill leaders, foot soldiers and put the criminal elements in a state of confusion. Finally, the effective counter-terrorist and counter-insurgent depend on Drone deployment across the borders for monitoring.

Introduction: Iran is facing shortage of water resources due to the climate in which it is located. Since large areas of urban surfaces are Impenetrable streets, the volume of water harvested from these surfaces is significant and can reduce the pressure on water resources and meet a large portion of the non-potable demands, it also prevents the spread of pollution caused by overflows and backlogs in surface water collection facilities and uneconomic increase of their volumes. Materials and Methods: In this paper, the design of rainwater harvesting system from asphalt surfaces was carried out with the aim of meeting part of the green space demand of Tarbiat Modares University faculty of agriculture, using Drone images. For this purpose, available data of 22 years of daily precipitation and 761 aerial images were obtained using DJI Phantom3 Professional Drone. Then, the digital elevation map of the case study was prepared and to determine the runoff direction, the basin of the area was carried out in the GIS. Reliability percentage and overflow ratios of the tanks were estimated for each level for different tank volumes. Then the optimal volume of each tank was determined using genetic algorithm. Findings: The results showed that due to the topographic status of the faculty street surfaces, the runoff from them could not be collected in one tank, so 4 tanks A, B, C and D with optimized volumes of 6. 15, 3. 46, 1 and 20 cubic meters were considered in different parts of the street surfaces, respectively. Conclusion: With designing rainwater harvesting systems, a significant amount of rainwater can be stored for non-potable consumption.

Given the facilities and equipment possessed, Drones are capable of carrying out various intelligence, reconnaissance, protection, target locating, and electronic overhearing mission considering priority in the use of facilities, in particular human resources. in other words, unmanned aircrafts as sophisticated technologies will play crucial rule in prospective wars. On the other hand, considering the superiority of the countries opposing I.R of Iran in terms of weaponry and intelligence services, the prospective wars will be asymmetric in nature such that winning over the enemy will depend on tactical initiatives and advantages of appropriate equipment. To this end, desirable Drone distributions can be highly affective for both the defensive policy and national security of I.R of Iran. This study was an attempt to elaborate on desirable Drone distributions to carry out the aforementioned missions in asymmetric wars. As an applied developmental research, the study was conducted based on library sources, interview with authorities and administering multiple tests measuring the effective Drone indices for intelligence services. Meanwhile, one sample tested, investigation of the current and desirable status, and professional meetings were included in the research in order to identify desirable distribution configuration.

The use of Drone imagery has become widespread in studies related to various fields, including urban planning. The application of Drone photogrammetry as an advanced tool for analyzing urban and construction changes is considered a novel method in spatial-based research. In this study, the potential of Drone imagery, specifically DJI Phantom 4 Pro RTK with a relative accuracy of 10 cm, alongside ultra-cam aerial images with a relative accuracy of 20 cm, was explored for identifying and analyzing land-use changes in densely urbanized areas of the Tabriz region. To achieve this, two data sets were utilized, including a corrected orthomosaic image from the ultra-cam camera captured on June 9, 2013, and raw Drone images from the same area on July 4, 2022. After geometric correction and the creation of orthophotos from the raw Drone images, with horizontal accuracy of 8 cm and vertical accuracy of 14 cm, two classification algorithms, maximum likelihood and minimum distance, were applied to the orthomosaic image and the Drone orthophoto. The next step involved using the thematic change detection method to extract land-use changes in the identified classes based on the two classification algorithms. Visual evaluation of the results revealed that the building class experienced the least change compared to other classes. Quantitative findings showed that the Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy for the maximum likelihood and minimum distance classification methods were 0.8924 and 94.17%, and 0.5273 and 93.08%, respectively. Additionally, quantitative analysis indicated that the greatest land-use change involved the conversion of buildings to roads, while the least change occurred in the transformation from roads to barren land.

In recent decades, the Middle East has been the scene of armed conflicts between ultra-regional powers and some regional states and non-state actors, such as terrorist groups. During the past decade the use of Drones for bombing, assassination, detection and espionage by ultra-regional states has been prevalent under various pretexts in the Middle East region, which has mostly led to the violation of state sovereignty of regional states. This violation of sovereignty has always been legally justified by the ultra-regional governments. The major part of such justifications has been based upon the legal challenges on the rules governing the use of Drones. They are, in fact, considered as coverage for illegal activities of these states. These challenges have largely been in line with the interpretation of the provisions against the use of force and self-defense, the rules governing the conflicts and the rules of humanitarian law and fight against terrorism. Therefore, a clear understanding and interpretation of these challenges and resolving them according to international legal rules can provide a realistic picture of the status quo and leads to a more accurate understanding of the international law in this field.