The word “ousia”, derived from “eimi” (“to be”) is only of the most fundamental concepts in Aristotelian ontology. In spite of its importance, however, Aristotle’s texts regarding this concept and not uniform and, in addition, the equivalents which most translators have selected or coined are open to criticism. The first Latin translators chose ESSENTIA, which was a faithful translation in so far as it signifies ‘being’, however it was not long before this translation was replaced with substantia, which is a bad choice. The English form of the wrong choice, i.e. substance, was also accepted by most English translators and still prevails. However English speaking experts have taken to revising this translation and the word ‘entity’ has gradually gained acceptance. In Arabic speaking domains this problem remains and no measures of redress have been taken. None of the possible words, such as dhat, jawhar and tabiah can perform the function of οusi. Needless to say, such a state of affairs has left a negative impact on the understanding of Aristotle’s ontology.

This paper introduces a new exclusive binary search (EBS) algorithm to solve the economic dispatch problem (ED). This new algorithm converges to the best possible solution, corresponding to the precision requirements of the problem with a systematic search structure. The ESSENTIA l purpose of economic dispatch is the optimal allocation of each generator’ s load sharing and the cost reduction of the active units in the power system. In this article, nonlinear factors and constraints are considered, including inlet steam valves’ effect, Valve-Point Effect (VPE), generation and load balances in the system, prohibited operating zones (POZs), power generation limits, ramp rates limits, and line losses. According to these constraints, the complexity of computation increases. However, the proposed algorithm will be able to fi nd the optimal solution. This algorithm is implemented on three standardized 13, 15, and 40-unit test systems considering different operating conditions. Simulation results indicate the capability of this algorithm to solve ED problems.

What is the reality of meaning? Is it a subjective or an objective category, or is it a third one? What is the relation between meaning and usage? These are some key issues in the ontology of meaning. Knowing the reality of meaning is a basic step toward analyzing different propositions. Some Western philosophers of language consider meaning to be the same as an instance, and some others regard it as the relation between a word and its instance. John Luck thinks of meaning as a subjective idea, while some others look in the objective and behavioral expressions for meaning. Wittgenstein, in his earlier philosophical life, emphasized on the picture theory of meaning, while later on suggested the use theory (or instrumental theory) of meaning. John Austin accepted the use theory too.The author explains and evaluates different theories, and then brings up his own theory in this regard. He believes that meaning is the mental image itself, without taking its subjectivity into consideration. In other words, meaning is the same as the designated (or known) per ESSENTIA vis-a-vis concept and instance (known per accident).

Introduction and objective: Patients with candidiasis could be treated with antifungal drugs. Due to side effects and drug resistance, many studies have been conducted to investigate ESSENTIAl oils’ antifungal effects. The aim of the present study was to determine anticandidal activity of some ESSENTIAl oils.Materials and methods: In this study, the effect of thyme, pennyroyal and lemon ESSENTIAl oils on Candida isolated from vulvovaginal infection were investigated experimentally by using micro dilution method. Serial dilution of thyme (0.002-4%), pennyroyal (0.004-8%) and lemon (0.15-32%) ESSENTIAl oils accompanying to controls and also amphotericin B (0.008-16μg/ml) and fluconazole (1-2048μg/ml) were used.Results: Thyme’s ESSENTIAl oils had the most anti-candidal activity followed by pennyroyal. Candida albicans was the most sensitive species (0.008-0.062%). Thyme and lemon ESSENTIAl oils had the most (0.008-0.271%) and least (1-32%) anticandidal activities, respectively. The candidal growth was inhibited by amphotericin B at 1μg/ml; whereas the anticandidal activity of fluconazole was 29.647-978.824μg/ml. the effect of thyme ESSENTIA l oil was similar to amphotericin B.Conclusion: Because of the strong anti-candidal effects of thyme which was proved through in vitro tests in our study, it is proposed to do further research in the treatment of candidiasis with thyme experimentally.

Although the fundamental structure of Sabzawari Metaphysics was first published more than 21 years ego, this work still deserves our attention and should be introduced to younger students of philosophy. It was originally written as a long and scholarly introduction to the translation made by the author and his colleague Mehdi Mohaghegh of the famous sharh - e Manzuma of Sabzawari, which deals with the "existence" as the central issue in the Islamic philosophy. The late Prof Izutsu has discussed Sabzawarian metaphysics in seven chapters, explaning the notion and the reality of "existence".and the primacy of "existence" over "quiddity" by elucidating the distinction between "ESSENTIA" and "existentia". The final chapter, dealing with the "structure of the reality of existence", is the most important as it summarizes the issues and arguments in the whole work. By contrasting the notion and concept of the "existence" as understood by Mulla Sadra and other philosophers belonging to the school of Theosophy, with the ideas of old and modern philosophers of the West. Izutsu has produced a brilliant academic example of what is called "comparative philosophy". The Persian translation by Jalal-al-Din Mujtabawi is reliable, and the translator has succeeded in adequately transmitting the author"s ideas to educated Persian-speaking readers.

Background and Aim: Emotional anger, that there are innate in all and set the thrill of something much valued. Considering the importance of education in life skills curriculum. Anger management skills are ESSENTIA. The first step should be measured in the thrill, then the next step, training to control this natural excitement planned. The aim of this research is to measure the anger of the teachers in Sanandaj and comparison between boys and girls is the school teachers.Material and Method: The study was descriptive. A total of 283 teachers were selected, the data using the questionnaires state- trait anger 2 and by random sampling were collected and using the software SPSS-18 (Statistical methods (correlate and descriptive) and R software were analyzed.Results: The highest in the subscales of scale state anger were belong to boys schools in the second and third bases teachers. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between teachers' anger with gender and years of service (p<0.01).Conclusion: The anger of the teachers showed their anger fields in the future, and this is very important.According to the results is required anger management training will also be included in the program of in-service teachers.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the surface roughness of six esthetic restorative materials (Gradia Direct Anterior, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan; Filtek Supreme XTE, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA; Ceram. X Universal, Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany; ESSENTIA enamel, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan; Admira Fusion, Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany; and Estelite, Tokuyama Dental corporation, Taitou‑ ku, Tokyo, Japan) achieved using three different finishing and polishing techniques. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study Forty specimens of each material (6 mm in diameter, 2 mm high) were created and divided into four groups, one per each finishing and polishing procedure and a control group, only cured and not polished. All specimen preparation and finishing and polishing procedures were performed by the same investigator, to reduce variability, following strictly the manufacturer’ s instructions. Specimens were analyzed using a profilometer to measure the mean surface roughness (Ra, μ m), and microscopy images were taken during the measurements through the microscope of the profilometer. Two‑ way ANOVA test was applied to determine significant differences with respect to material, finishing/polishing technique, and interaction between both variables. Post hoc comparison was done using Tukey’ s honestly significant difference test. Significance for statistical tests was predetermined at P < 0. 05. Results: Finishing and polishing procedure using tungsten carbide burs provided the best values in terms of surface roughness. All materials of this study treated with this method have provided superimposable values, and no material can be considered more performing than the others. Similar values were also found in the control group. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the finishing technique with carbide burs produced an excellent surface smoothness, even if the best surface smoothness is achieved curing the restorative material under a polyester matrix.