In criminal law, entrapment is a practice whereby a law enforcement agent induces a person to commit a criminal offense that the person would have otherwise been unlikely to commit. It is a type of conduct that is generally frowned upon, and thus in many jurisdictions is a possible defense against criminal liability.Depending on the law in the jurisdiction, the prosecution may be required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was not entrapped or the defendant may be required to prove that they were entrapped as an affirmative defense.The entrapment defense in the United States has evolved mainly through case law. Two competing tests exist for determining whether entrapment has taken place, known as the “subjective” and “objective” tests. The “subjective” test looks at the defendant's state of mind; entrapment can be claimed if the defendant had no “predisposition” to commit the crime. The “objective” test looks instead at the government's conduct; entrapment occurs when the actions of government officers would usually have caused a normally law-abiding person to commit a crime.

In his work on gemology known as "Mathnavi-e Javahir-ul-Asrar", Rashid Tabrizi has introduced types of jewels and named a worthless and yellow coloured jewel (garnet) referred to as "La'al-e-Sohrabaki". He has stated the reason of such naming which is related to Sohrab's armlet. He hold that this jewel&rsquo, s infelicity is the cause of Sohrab's death and the reason of its reputation. This librarian study has two parts. The first part tries to review reliable texts and, in this way investigates characteristics of beads and armlets, particularly those of Rostam's family. The second part is about features of garnet (La'al) and La'al-e-Sohrabaki and tries to state Rashid Tabrizi's opinion about this jewel. According to findings, it is likely that Sohrab's armlet has been adorned with a garnet. However, there is no mention of its colour and price. It seems that tragedy of son killing by the Iranian superhero, Rostam, is never removed from the Iranian minds and this is the reason for this jewel's infelicity in the opinion of Rashid Tabrizi or the people of 10th and 11th century. Thus, the accusation of infelicity attributed to Sohrab's bead of armlet is a popular justification for the EXCULPATION of the hero.

Aim:Obsessive-compulsive disorder is considered one of the most debilitating psychiatric disorders that has adverse psychological and economic consequences for the individual and society. Religious obsession is one of the first types of obsessions, which, in addition to mental disorders, is aggravated by certain religious beliefs, especially about the matters concerning religious purity and impurity. According to some psychologists, one of the effective components in the occurrence of obsessive-compulsive disorder is excessive responsibility. Extreme responsibility means believing in being responsible for what is beyond one's ability. This research answers these questions, to what extent religious teachings are aligned with psychological attitudes and what solutions do they offer to solve this mental disorder.Method: This article is organized in a descriptive-analytical way and library sources were used to collect data.findings :The findings of this research show that Quranic and narrative teachings rely on the principle of moderation in religious conduct, while valuing responsibility, warn against overdoing it. These guidelines, warnings and some valid jurisprudential principles and rules help an obsessive person who has suffered mental turmoil due to cognitive deviations to keep his sense of responsibility in moderation by correcting beliefs based on extreme responsibility and not having feel guilt or fear of rejection. Some of these jurisprudential principles and rules are: the principle of "no compulsion", "permissibility", "purity", "EXCULPATION", "correctness" and rules such as the rule of "ignoring doubt in some conditions".

Background: Identify the causes of complaints and contributing factors may reduce medical litigation. The aim of this study was to assess the cases of complaints in the field of psychiatric.Methods: This study was done in retrospective cross-sectional study method. We investigated 27 cases of medical malpractice in the field of psychiatry that registered in higher disciplinary board of the Medical Council of Iran, from 2001 to 2010. We calculated the absolute and relative frequency of variables after collecting all data and calculated the difference between malpractice and EXCULPATION cases based on physicians profile by x2 and Fisher’s exact test. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant difference.Results: The 24 people who died and their families protested against psychiatrist were enrolled in this study. Demographic information and other characteristics of the cases were collected. All participants had been men. Seventeen of 24 cases (70.84%) were in 30-50 year old group and seven of 24 cases (29.16%) were in>50 year old group. The most common types of negligence were related to disregarding of governmental provisions (40%). The age, expertise and place of medical activities were variables that different significantly between negligence and non-negligence groups (P<0.05). The results of the study showed eight cases of 24 cases (33%) in the lower board, nine cases of 24 cases (37.5%) in the appeals board and eight cases of 24 cases (33%) in the higher disciplinary board were acquitted.Conclusion: Based on the study findings, it appears that age, expertise and activity place are factors that can be effective in reducing malpractice in psychiatry.

Compensations for rape is considered to be the fundamental rights of the victims in the criminal justice process and has variety legal manifestation, such as virginity (arsh al-bakā ra) and stipulated dower (mahr al-mithl) as two most important examples. Studies on judicial procedure show that rape victims' claim (particularly in women case), due to the strict process in proving the claim, results in acquittal of defendant. Thus, in this study using descriptive-analytical method, we examine the possibility of victim's appeal for compensation after acquittal in Islamic criminal law and judicial procedure in cases that the defendant is acquitted. Also, various assumptions that courts have had in the case of compensation of rape have been examined and analyzed by presenting various courts' verdicts on this issue. By analyzing criminal law and procedure we found that in Iran's criminal justice procedure, the victim's deservationto receive compensation is not necessarily based on the conviction of the defendant, because in many cases in spite of the EXCULPATION of defendants, courts have found the woman deserving the compensation e. g. virginity (arsh al-bakā ra) and stipulated dower (mahr al-mithl). The courts have discriminated between the victim's consent on the case of a murder Hadd punishment desired by the legislator and the victim's consent that they recognize the victim deserving the compensation. This paper describes the concept of real consent and pretending to consent and their characteristics from the jurisprudential and legal point of view, and proves the duality of these concepts, that makes it clear that not only acquittal of the rape charge does not mean that the victim deserves no compensation, but also in the cases that unreal consent is confirmed, the woman is entitled to damage.