In the scientific classification of languages, Khotanese is among the Middle East Iranian languages. Although the history of recognition of Khotanese language does not exceed one hundred year, because of its lingual characteristics, cultural richness, and its integration with Buddhist customs, and Sanskrit language, its scientific study in recent century has been considerably expanded.Knowing about the ancient Iran and background of the Persian language specially its words is not only through Old and Middle Persian languages, but it is necessary to conduct a scientific study and analyze the other Iranian languages. One of these languages is called Saka-Khotanese or Khotanese which is not known for Farsi speaking people and even by scientific circles as it deserves. This research surveys the philosophy of Emptiness (sunyata) according to the 7th. Chapter of The Book of “Zambasta”, a series of Khotanese Texts, including: Transcription, Translation into Persian and Notes on the proper names and some particular concepts about Buddhism.

Background and Objective: Emptiness is a concept that appears in form and content. Beyond the meaning of being and not being. On the other hand Existential Identity depends on the dialectical relationship of that thing with its opposites. This study seeks to clarify the role of this concept in the vernacular architecture of Iran By understanding the concept of emptiness. Method: The research, by explaining the principles of empty concept, has investigated the quality of the realization of this concept in the form of fabric dimensions of Yazd's houses. The three pillars obtained from theoretical foundations were tested in five vernacular houses in Yazd. The research was conducted with qualitative study, and data collection tools: field observations, and the study of written resources. Findings: The emergence of empty concept coincides with two elements or opposite qualities in such a way that the two opposites are interconnected without diminishing one another. Based on theoretical findings, the expression of the empty concept is conditional on the existence of three pillars: The first: the contradiction, the second: interaction, the third: balance and unity. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on research emptiness as a sublime concept is the result of the existence of opposing elements, their interaction and their unity. Vernacular architects with the perception of the necessity of the conjunction of the opposing couples and by recognizing the elements such as geometry, color, light, have caused the interaction of the opposites and their balance and they have come up with an empty concept in the form and fabric of these houses.

In this study emptiness is considered as a transcendental and effective concept that appears in the form and content of things. What is seen as internally present in an entity is existent in the first instance because of the external presence of its opposite. The entity and its opposite are intertwined through the principle of inverse correspondence, a higher level of accord that emerges from the disposition of asymmetrical qualities. this symmetrical, yet reversed, reciprocity is the logic of ‘ ‘ is and yet is not’ ’ and that of ‘ ‘ simultaneity, and biconditionality, of opposites without their higher synthesis. Emptiness is often understood as nonexistence, a void that is symptomatic of a predominant fixation on objects. In contrast emptiness is neither nothing nor the suffocating void of limitless expansion in which things are at best desolately scattered. Rather, it is the ultimate foundation of reality that transcends ideas of ‘ ‘ being’ ’ and ‘ ‘ non-being. ’ ’ Subsequently, what is operating in emptiness is a double negation: the negation of being, which leads to nonbeing, and the negation of nonbeing. Existential Identity depends on the dialectical relationship of that thing with its opposites. The identity of a being is determined not by what is believed to be existent within itself but by its dialectical relationship with the opposite, like the moment in which one finds one’ s self to be the being of warmth in reference to coldness enveloping and penetrating the body. Ignoring Emptiness and empty space caused intensifying the focus of designers and architects on the full space and this has increased the contemporary architecture crisis. this study aims to take advantage of the values of the vernacular architecture of Iran and its continuity. It relies on the theory of empty space and the opposite pairs, as the first pillar of creating empty space. Answers to this question: what is the role of empty space in the vernacular Yazd houses in semantic dimension? This study aimed to clarify the role of this concept in the vernacular architecture of Iran by understanding the meaning of emptiness. and evaluating selected houses as a case study. This research has been done in qualitative research and data is collected by observation and study of written documents. The emergence of empty concept coincides with two elements or opposite qualities in such a way that the two opposites are interconnected without diminishing one another. Based on theoretical findings, the expression of the empty concept is conditional on the existence of three pillars: The first: the contradiction, the second: interaction, the third: balance and unity. Based on the theoretical findings, expression of emptiness concept has three main pillars. Firstly: the contradiction (Coexistence of two opposing elements), secondly: the interaction of two opposites, thirdly: balance and unity. Since the emptiness operates as the foundational principle in traditional genres of architecture in Asia suchas Iran, the process of integrating the three pillars extracted from theoretical foundations were evaluated and analyzed in five vernacular houses of Yazd. In the phenomenological study of five houses in Yazd as a case study houses were investigated in three aspects: shape-body, functional, semantic. This article focuses on semantic aspect. The findings depict that the emptiness as a transcendental concept is the result of the process of opposite elements and their interactions and the development of the unity of opposites. According this study, the philosophy of emptiness has manifested in the form of the dialectic of opposites. this study has brought one’ s attention to the arrangement of contrasting qualities in the yazd houses such as the crossing and peresence inside and outside. The architect of an Iranian traditional house positions things of spiritual character in such a way that they create a coordinated balance between forces. In this fashion, the house ‘ ‘ brings into special focus the underlying relatedness of things, the mutuality which exists in spite of differences between outside and inside, great and small, and observer and observed. Vernacular architects had understood the necessity of companionship of opposing pairs and their dialectical as an essential element of empty concept. They have considered interactive opposite qualities such as darkness and light, outside and inside, male and female, silence and talk, simplicity and complexity, uniformityand variety. The results of the research show that empty space plays a major role in the vernacular architecture of Iran. The empty spaces are more focused and authentic and solid spaces take their identity and credit from empty and void spaces.

.Both environment and the maternal plant genotype affect the quantitative and qualitative traits of sugar beet seed. In this study, the effect of maternal plant and environment factors on the weight percent of yield in different seed size classes, germination and seed emptiness of 12  single-crosses were evaluated. Single-crosses were derived from the cross of 12 male-sterile lines with a pollinator. The study was performed in a randomized complete block design with four replications during 2014-15 in Karaj. Results showed that in addition to genotype, inappropriate conditions of the seed production environment increased thousand-seed weight. This increase was due to the greater growth of pericarp weight. The effect of genotype on seed embryo weight was effective. Also, the embryo weight and the ratio of embryo to pericarp weight of sugar beet seeds were affected by the seed production environment. The embryo weight in 2014 and 2015 was 2.91 and 2.26 mg, respectively. As a result, the ratio of embryo to pericarp weight decreased from 0.49 in 2014 to 0.29 in 2015. In addition to the genotype, the environmental conditions of seed production had a positive effect on increasing the percentage of empty seeds. The mean emptiness of seeds produced in Karaj in 2014 and 2015 was 10% and 32%, respectively. With the decrease of pericarp dry weight, the increase of embryo weight and the ratio of embryo to pericarp weight, germination rate and the mean germination time of sugar beet seeds increased and decreased, respectively.

Background: Short-video addiction is prevalent among adolescents and threatens their development. This study aimed to examine the relationships among physical exercise, self-control, subjective emptiness, and short-video addiction in adolescents and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: A total of 889 adolescents were recruited from 3 middle schools in Zhejiang Province, China. Data collection was conducted from April to June 2025 using a questionnaire. Results: The mean score of short-video addiction in adolescents was 3.01; physical exercise was negatively correlated with short-video addiction (r=−0.626, P<0.001); self-control (effect=−0.106, 95% CI [−0.175, −0.047]) and subjective emptiness (effect=−0.360, 95% CI [−0.492, −0.260]) mediated the relationship between physical exercise and short-video addiction; and the chain mediation model shaped by self-control and subjective emptiness had a statistically significant effect (effect=−0.064, 95% CI [−0.115, −0.025]). Conclusion: Physical exercise contributes to mitigating short-video addiction in adolescents by enhancing self-control and alleviating psychological emptiness. Relevant interventions should integrate physical activities to improve adolescents’ self-management abilities, satisfy their psychological needs, and lay a foundation for the prevention and treatment of this addictive behavior.

The general purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the emptiness of the curriculum of primary schools in the education department of Maragheh city. For this purpose, the factors affecting the emptiness of the primary school curriculum were initially identified by studying the theoretical foundations and literature of previous research in 26 factors. The statistical population of the present study is the primary school teachers of Maragheh Education Department, which number is 1000 people and the statistical sample size was estimated to be 278 people using Cochran's formula and was selected by stratified random sampling. Hakimzadeh questionnaire was used as a data collection tool and in the analysis of data at the inferential level, the technique of confirmatory factor analysis and prioritization of factors affecting curriculum emptiness were used. The results show that among the 26 primary factors, all factors are identified using factor analysis technique and group 3 factors: factors related to the governing system of the society and factors based on students and factors based on school or school category closed. The results showed that among the factors studied initially, all factors in the three groups of factors related to the governing system of the society and factors based on students and school-based factors were effective in curriculum emptiness, but based on research findings lack of proper use. Teaching and learning methods, educational environment and psychological factors such as stress and weakness in the proper transfer of educational materials by teachers to students and misconceptions and inefficient policies have the greatest impact on the emptiness of the primary school curriculum in Maragheh.

If the word “ contemplation” was studied in its full sense, that is, thoughtfulness with fear and trepidation, no notion such as nothingness and non-existence would have trembled the human soul. It is less a cultural and epistemological system that, in the foundation of its semantic structure, does not seek an answer to the question of nothingness. In the religion of Daoism, nothingness has become a fundamental concept. Daoism sees contemplation in the realm of nothingness as a way to understand existence. Daoist thinkers are constantly attempting to comprehend life and existence in relation to emptiness and non-existence; In fact, in this religion, non-existence is a prerequisite for those who are delayed in the concept of existence. The ideas of dualism and the concept of nothingness have been able to permeate various cultural forms throughout Chinese history. Clearly, traces of this notion is perceived in the schools of Chinese painting, and one can find a reflection of Daoist thoughts in their artworks. Our aim in this study is to follow the signs of the nothingness theory in the works of one of the greatest painters of the era of the rule of the South Song dynasty (1279-1127 AD) by the name of Mayoan (1225-1160 AD). In this study, ten artworks of Mayoan are selected and examined using a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research indicate that the theory of nothingness has penetrated deeply into South Song's periodic painting and have been transferred to later periods in the form of a significant artistic tradition. Research aims: 1. Examining the concept of nothingness and emptiness in Daoism and its effect on Chinese painting. 2. Examining the concept of nothingness and emptiness during Mayoan's work. Research questions: 1. What effect has the concept of Daoist nothingness had on the art of Chinese painting? 2. How is the concept of nothingness manifested in Mayoan works?

Introduction The use of organic fertilizers in sustainable agriculture, in addition to increasing the support and activity of beneficial soil microorganisms in order to provide plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and soluble potassium and also improves plant growth and yield are so necessary. In pistachio growing areas due to soil constraints such as salinity and sodium content of the soil, lack of proper structure in most areas, poor soil texture and long irrigation cycle, the use of auxiliary substances such as humic acid, can improve the situation and lead to increase nutrient uptake and increase growth and yield and sustainable production.Materials and Methods This experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in MahVelat. The main plot consisted of four types of humic acid (ordinary solid humic acid, Ferti Plus solid humic acid, Iranian liquid humic acid (all three products of Shimi Gol Feyz Khorasan Company) and American Liquid Humic Acid (HUMAX) and subplot including different application levels (0, first level for solid fertilizers 600 kg and liquid fertilizers 40 liters per hectare and second level for solid fertilizers 800 kg and liquid fertilizers 60 liters per hectare). The number of trees tested was 36 trees of 10-year-old almond cultivar. Solid fertilizer was applied once (March 2016) and liquid fertilizer twice (March 2016 and May 2017). Irrigation was drip (Babler) and studies were considered for one year. In August 2017, by random sampling of the leaves of each tree, the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the plant leaves and also by sampling the soil of the foot of each tree, some soil chemical properties, including pH, Organic carbon content, available nitrogen concentration and available phosphorus concentration in soil, potassium, calcium and magnesium in soil solution extract were measured. In September 2017, yield components (weight of 100 grains, ounce and emptiness percent) of each tree were measured by weight. The results were statistically analyzed using SAS software and the mean of the experimental data were compared with each other by Duncan's multiple range tests at 5% probability level.Results and Discussion The amount of organic carbon (71.42%), nitrogen (72.22%), and soil potassium (43.01%) with all types of humic acids showed a significant increase compared to the control, but no significant difference was observed between the consumed humic acids. The highest amount of available phosphorus (78/30%) in soil, calcium (54/90%) and magnesium (56.05%) was obtained from liquid ShimiGol and Humax. With increasing the amount of humic acid, electrical conductivity (13.71%) decreased but organic carbon (82.88%), nitrogen (55%), phosphorus (75.93%), potassium (23.97%), calcium (46.35%) and magnesium (58.82%) showed a significant increase and the highest amount of these properties was obtained in the highest amount of humic acid consumption. The interaction of humic acid type and its amount on the amount of organic carbon, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the soil was significant and the highest amount of calcium (57.03%) was obtained from the application of 60 liters per hectare of Humax. The highest leaf nitrogen concentrations were obtained from the application of liquid Humax (MAX:42.23%), liquid of Shimi Gol, solid Ferti Plus and ordinary solid ShimiGol, respectively. The highest concentrations of phosphorus (17.65%) and magnesium (16.96%) were obtained from Humax and the highest concentrations of calcium were obtained from three solid humic acids, Ferti Plus, liquid of ShimiGol and liquid of Humax with a significant difference with ordinary solid. The type of humic acid consumed was not significant on any of the yield components (weight of 100 grains (21.69%), ounces (27.45%) and emptiness percent (25.38%)). The amount of humic acid consumed was significant on all measured characteristics. So that the best yield components and the highest element concentration were obtained from the highest amount of humic acid consumption.Humic acid has direct and indirect effects on plants. Indirect effect is usually in the form of changes in environmental conditions such as modification of soil physical condition, enzymatic and hormonal effects and soil pH, improvement of soil structure, aeration, drainage, water holding capacity, soil temperature and direct effects includes increasing biomass and microbial population, antiviral activity and growth modulation, increasing plant resistance to salinity and drought stress. Humic acid increases nutrient uptake, increases germination and root growth, and improves yield quantitatively and qualitatively. Humic substances also dissolve calcium carbonate in the soil and replace calcium with sodium by activating sulfur oxidizing bacteria, as well as reduction of soil pH to improve nutrient uptake. Humic acid can directly release various elements from minerals, absorb them and deliver them to the roots at the right time. Because humic acid is a valuable source of macro and micro nutrients, it provides a good nutritional balance for the plant and leads to greater absorption of nutrients and specific functional responses in the plant.Conclusion Application of humic acids in liquid or solid form, domestically or externally produced, can increase the supply of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, as well as the content of organic carbon in the soil and reduce pH, increase the concentration of elements in leaves and improve yield components. Of course, it should be noted that among the internal humic acids, the solid Ferty Plus, Shimi Gol were as well as Humax liquid. Relying on internal knowledge can prevent unnecessary outflow of currency.

One of the central doctrines of Buddhism is “anattā” or “non-self,” which serves as a key critique of the Hindu intellectual system. From this perspective, there is no independent self; instead, what we consider the self is made up of five aggregates. In fact, a person's nature is based on the idea that the “individual” is a constantly changing combination of these five skandhas. According to Buddha, the focus should not be on existence itself, but on the manifestations or phenomena that arise from existence. This concept of self is also referred to as the “process self,” meaning a self constructed from a series of ongoing, interdependent processes that are not fundamentally different from other constantly changing processes. Additionally, according to the middle path doctrine, “non-self” is seen as something between the extremes of being and non-being—neither an absolute being nor an absolute non-being. Therefore, it can be said that Buddha did not advocate for the complete negation of the self, but rather for a different kind of existence, that of the “non-self.” This article employs a descriptive-analytic method and draws on the teachings attributed to Buddha in the “three baskets” rather than later Buddhist literature to analyze and explain the concept of “non-self.”