Critical rationalism faces difficulty in Karl Popper’s Socratic formulation: “I may be wrong, and you may be right, and by an effort, we may find the truth.” But the Socratic elenchus, using refutations, can only give us negative knowledge of general principles, which is not the wisdom we seek. Affirmatively, we can only find a collection of opinions to be coherent, which is one of many. Francis Bacon proposed an improved elenchus to find general truths. You must take up a limited topic to study, then cross-examine your evidence for and against its apparent nature. Experiments contrary to evidence and presumed knowledge are entered as self-contradictions in tables of opposition recorded in an “Experimental and natural history.” Such an account highlights a challenging puzzle if the account is to be made coherent. With enough problematized evidence, a coherent reading, or a solution of the puzzle, will be unique. Being both coherent and unique, it will be the truth about that limited reality being investigated. Unlike the method of hypothesis (“Anticipating Nature”), deciphering a coherent model is “Interpreting Nature,” allowing us to find a general truth on a limited topic. Isaac Newton achieved great success using Robert Boyle’s mechanistic version of this method. Using the “Experimental philosophy,” he discovered general principles of optics and astronomy.

Air conditioning systems are used in industries and residential environments with the aim of improving environmental conditions and creating a comfortable temperature for users. Considering the production of sound and vibration in most of its components, the lack of control of the production sound level always exposes the users to unwanted sound, which in addition to hearing complications, also causes fatigue and dissatisfaction with the environmental conditions. . Compressors are one of the most important sources of sound production in air conditioning systems, and screw compressors are one of the most widely used in air conditioning industries. Therefore, the compressor shell should be designed to minimize the transmission of sound from inside to outside. Since the maximum working temperature of compressors is up to 80 degrees Celsius, therefore, in this research, an acoustic test was performed on a sample of a screw compressor shell in two modes of ambient temperature and maximum working temperature inside the acoustic room, and the effect of temperature increase on the sound pressure level. transferred from the shell to the external environment is discussed. Finally, based on the frequency analysis performed in two conditions of ambient temperature and maximum working temperature and comparing the amount of sound transmitted to the environment at different frequencies, practical solutions to reduce the amount of transmitted sound pressure have been presented.

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a four- week aerobic physical activity in water on the extent of clinical improvement and amount of neuregulin-1 (NRG1) protein in the brain tissue of animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS) via inducing Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).Methods: To this end, a total number of 80 female Syrian mice from the race of C57BL/6, aging 10 to 12 weeks and weighing 20±2 gram were divided into eight groups of 10, namely, control, swimming, MS, MS + swimming, MS + interferon beta (INF-b), MS + solvent, and MS + solvent + swimming environment. For induction of EAE, 300 mg (35-55) myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) was first mixed in 100 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and injected subcutaneously (SC). At the time of injection and after 48 hours, 300 ng pertussis toxin was diluted in PBS and injected intraperitoneally (IP). During a week after the treatment, mice recieving the drug in form of intraperitoneal received 150 IU/g of the drug per day. Clinical symptoms and the mice's weights were recorded every day. Physical activity group did the aerobic activities for four weeks, five sessions a week, 30 minutes each session. Standard scoring system was used for clinical check and enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to measure NRG1 protein. Data analysis was done using one- way ANOVA.Findings: The effect of physical activity in water on treatment of multiple sclerosis was the same as that of interferon. The amount of rise in NRG1 protein in swimming group was more than that of the interferon group.Conclusion: Aerobic swimming exercises could probably help remyelination by increasing the amount of NRG1 protein and lowering the speed of myelin destruction, hence, helping the clinical improvement in patients with multiple sclerosis.

There are wide ranges of evidence show that self-interest is not unique motivation in various games and experiments. Fairness, reciprocity, competition and altruism can take substantial role in some game. To explain contrary result of experiments some models arise by considering those motivations beside the selfishness. This study explores three types of these models. Two of them are based on fairness and last one supposes that subjects are surplus maximizer. A distributional experiment based on dictator game is established to explore models. Results show fairness motivation has main rule in subject’ s choice in all treatments. However it is impossible to ignore self-interest and efficiency entirely.

Postmodernism represents skepticism toward metanarratives and universal ideologies that dominated the modernist era. The study focuses on three key postmodernist concepts - alternative assessment, process syllabi, and self-directed learning. Alternative assessment emphasizes evaluating the learning process over summative testing. Process syllabi focus on the learning experience rather than rigid outcomes. Self-directed learning enables student responsibility in setting learning goals and processes. This paper examined the effects of postmodernist educational concepts on improving Iranian EFL learners’ autonomy. A quasi-Experimental pre-test/post-test design was utilized with 60 intermediate level Iranian EFL students divided into an Experimental and control group (n=30 each). The Experimental group received instruction utilizing the three postmodernist concepts over 14 weeks, while the control group received traditional modernist instruction. Autonomy was measured using a validated questionnaire before and after the intervention. The results showed the Experimental group demonstrated significant increases in autonomy compared to the control group. Paired sample t-tests revealed significant differences between pre-test and post-test autonomy for the Experimental group across all three postmodern concepts - alternative assessment, process syllabi, and self-directed learning. This suggests postmodernist concepts that decentralize instruction and emphasize student process over outcomes can enhance Iranian EFL learners’ self-direction and responsibility for language acquisition. The study implies EFL syllabus designers and instruction should transition to postmodern models centered on individualized assessment, flexible syllabi, and student-guided learning to boost autonomy. Further research can expand sample sizes and explore additional postmodernist concepts across diverse demographics.

More than two thousand years ago the first hydrostatic balance with a rudimentary structure was invented by the Greek sage “Archimedes. ” Iranian scholars would later develop balances that were used not only for weighing but also for determining the density and titration of alloys. To appraise the path of evolution of these balances as well as their potentials, an Experimental research program was undertaken by the Iranian Research Organisation for Science and Technology (IROST). Therefore, five different balances were selected, ranging from the oldest known in the history of science, the Archimedes balance, to the most sophisticated one, the balance of wisdom by Al-Khazini, which are separated by a lapse of time of about fourteen hundred years. Balances designed by Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni, Zakariya Al-Razi, and Omar Khayyam were the other three. In the course of the research, replicas of the selected balances were designed and fabricated according to the remaining design details in the related literature. The article covers the detailed design of each balance, their construction and functional test details as well as a comparison of their functions and their precision in densitometry and titration.

Drying of solids is one of the oldest and most common types of operations used in a variety of industries including agriculture, chemical, food, and so on. The heat transfer mechanism in the dryer is often convection or conduction and a small amount of it is from radiation. In this research the drying of shelled corn in rotary dryer is evaluated, and the effect of inlet air temperature in range of 40-70  C and rotational velocity in range of 5-15 rpm to responses including drying time (hr) and product outlet temperature ( C) is investigated using Experimental design of a central composite of response surface methodology. The initial and final moisture of shelled corn were 73% and 15% wet basis, respectively. The results showed that the drying time decreased with increasing the air temperature but increased with an increase in rotational velocity. The optimum conditions showed the air inlet temperature of 65/61  C and the rotational velocity of 6. 46 rpm was the best conditions for shelled corn drying in a rotary dryer.

ABSTRACT: In this research, the effect of operating conditions, such as GHSV, temperature and CH4/O2 ratio was investigated on the catalytic performance of OCM in a Fixed-Bed reactor. 50 g of catalyst was loaded in a stainless steel reactor. Heat control in OCM is very important. With attention to this fact series of experiment were designed to investigate the influence of above-mentioned parameters on C2+ selectivity, CH4 conversion and the yield of C2+. The C2+ selectivity of 73 % was obtained at a CH4 conversion of 12.58% at 840oC, 1320 hr-1 GHSV and CH4/O2 ratio 4 to 1. The OCM reaction is strongly dependent on the operating condition particularly GHSV and the CH4/O2 ratio. The comparison of these results and micro reactor in literature, show that the scale up of fixed bed reactor in OCM reaction without too much change in yield and selectivity of C2+, CH4 conversion and COx selectivity, with an appropriate GHSV, CH4/O2 ratio is technically feasible and economic.