Peer Gynt is one of Ibsens most controversial plays that verges on epic and satire. Unfortunately, it has not had an Iranian readership because its Persian translation has been, so far, non-existent. The author, who is also the translator of the play (due in winter 2005), discusses the Genesis of the drama and explains its socio-cultural implications. Peer Gynt has had a great share in rebuilding the Norwegian identity; however, the author contends that Ibsen he also taunts his compatriots cultural deficiencies with a bitter but constructive satire. The author also reads the play as a mock epic in modern European literature, a fact that gives the play newer socio-cultural perspectives

The emergence and spread of planned residential developments with hard and controllable boundaries called gated communities and the social consequences of living in such communities have attracted the attention of researchers for decades. The increasing growth of these communities signifies a new form of residence and has led to many studies on how and why these communities emerged. Despite the emergence of gated communities in Iran in the 1960s, there is a dearth of research on such communities in Iran. Reviewing theories and empirical studies conducted in this area, this paper is an attempt to examine the existing definitions of gated communities, their types, causes of their expansion, and their positive and negative consequences. The origins of gated communities can be traced back to the previous century and the strong fortifications of ancient cities which were built to protect against invaders, enemies or even wild animals. Systems of class segregation and differentiation such as citadels and fortified cities, common in ancient Iran, were designed to protect against enemies and strangers and prevent them from entering the community. During the early Islamic period, the walls and gates of the inner city were destroyed. In this period, encouraging the expansion of the outer city, that is, part of the city whose people did not belong to upper social classes, toward middle city was the most important policy adopted by the Islamic state. The disappearance of the walls and gates of the inner city and a new relationship between the new government and people who were oppressed before then led to the formation of new strata in opposition to the old strata. The inner walls and gates were destroyed in an effort to bring justice and eliminate class segregation. However, as a sign of city’ s defensive power, the outer walls remained intact to protect from attack and enhance security. It seems that new gated communities first appeared during the early 1960s with the enforcement of the third (1963-1967) and fourth (1968-1972) Reconstruction Plans of the country. During this period, as housing proved to be a major issue, housing provision by the private sector burgeoned. The target profile was an emerging social class formed owing to the economic and political changes of the early 1960s. With the formation of the new social class and the entry of the private sector into housing market, gated residential communities became a marketing opportunity and a means of attracting particular markets for private housing developers. The developers of largescale projects started their research considering this reality and the needs of the new social class. Although the first gated community of the country appeared in Tehran, today, gated communities have increased their market share not only in big cities but also in smaller cities of the nation. Gated communities have four main features: (1) impermeable boundary and controlled access to the community, (2) shared private ownership of common spaces and private access to them, (3) the presence of private facilities and amenities for communal use of residents, and (4) the presence of a common code of conduct to regulate behaviors and activities. According to existing typologies, gated communities in Iran can be grouped into lifestyle, prestige, and security zone communities. Lifestyle communities focus on leisure activities and shared amenities and facilities offered within the community attracting those looking for an identity and a shared lifestyle. Examples of lifestyle communities in Iran are Daryakenar and Lavasan. Prestige communities attract people caring about the image of their socio-economic situation symbolizing wealth and social status. Such communities are exemplified by developments such as Park in Isfahan and Saeedieh in Hamedan. Security zone communities in Iran include communities that were not originally gated but were later gated by residents. In such communities, public streets are often closed to non-residents. Ekbatan is such a community in Tehran. The advocates of gated housing claim that gated communities meet individuals’ needs for security, identity, and sense of community; provide services and infrastructure in the areas that were not previously well-equipped; secure property values; prevent outsiders from entering the community; provide a safer environment for pedestrians due to their lower traffic flow; and often feature high quality spaces and attractive amenities. Those against gated communities emphasize the social costs of gated communities. They believe that gated developments are a threat to social integration and their expansion has led to many physical and social problems in urban areas. Social differentiation leads to the fragmentation and segmentation of the society. Despite these negative views on gated communities, it is unignorable that there is an increase in demand to live in such developments. Neither the demand in the housing market nor the negative consequences of gated communities can be denied. Hence, it is necessary to find a way to achieve a balance between their consequences and mediate their negative effects since gated communities have the potential to become even more prevalent in the landscape of cities in coming decades.

Over the past decade or so, fundamentalism and religious factionalism in southern Asia including Pakistan have been on the rise significantly in a way that that country has been named the heartland of fundamentalism and extremist movements in Asia. The creation of the so-called Taliban of Pakistan is one of the features of extremism. Pakistani Taliban has a complex structure, ideologically, and has intertwined with Al-Qaeda and Taliban in Afghanistan, structurally. Accordingly, this article argues that the factors creating Pakistani Taliban would challenge this country's internal order and security and that of the whole region.

The present article studies, influential academic people in Iran and indicate that the position of influencers in the academic environment has also found its place. To conduct this study, we first investigate the concept of fame culture and then review the relationship between university and influencer culture. The next step is to study the typology of academic influencers in Iran through a literature review, as well as the study of seven professors’ Instagram pages. In general, three general types have been identified. The first category is traditional celebrities, who mostly have a small presence on social networks. The second category is professors-influencers, i. e. those who were born within social networks and whose presence, activity and reputation in the virtual world are greater than in the outside world. The third group has a hybrid identity and has an enriching experience in terms of age, but they are not related to the first group. In other words, they are on the border between the first and the second type, but they have a little bit of their former reputation in the world outside of cyberspace, and they have also created a new position for themselves in social networks. In the comparison between these three types of academics, the major distinctions of academic celebrities as emerging figures will be explained. The professors-influencers are born and live in social networks, they owe their fame to these networks, they establish a more horizontal relationship with their audience, they address a more general population, and they are well aware of the strength of weak ties. And finally, they appear in the role of new intellectual leaders in society

There are still various and rather contradictory theories of the Genesis and genetic types of karst bauxites. We have tried to summarize the current knowledge on this subject in this paper, as well as to present the results of our investigations and explanations, which are mostly based on explorations of Triassic, Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous, Upper Cretaceous, Lower Paleogene, Upper Paleogene, and “Neogene” formations of karst bauxites in the Dinarides (in the areas of Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Slovenia). Karst-type bauxite deposits are divided into red and white (sedimentary) karst bauxites, which significantly differ in Genesis. The following types of red karst bauxite deposits are distinguished and described: primary (eluvial), colluvial, redeposited in seas and redeposited in lakes and rivers. Particular attention was paid to the description and Genesis of sedimentary deposits of karst bauxites, which primarily originated in an onshore aquatic environment (but not from redeposited red bauxites). It can be expected that, in order to fully understand this complex problem, this genetic model of karst bauxites will be supplemented or corrected to benefit science and profession.

Ahangaran lead-silver deposit is located 25 km southeast of Malayer on Malayer Arak road. The deposit is tectonically situated in Sanandej-Sirjan zone.Mineralization in Ahangaran mine occurs between sandstone and dolomite units which are expanded into dolomite unit. The host rock of the deposit is limestone which is early Cretaceous in age and apparently mineralization occurs in the same time.Ahangaran deposit has been conformed of two parts including statiform and epigenetic vein type. Studies on the minerals such as pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite reveal that the veins have formed in high temperature, while the stratiform zone was formed in a low temperature sedimentary environment.Mineralogical and geological characteristics of the Ahangaran deposit indicate the deposit to be a sedimentary exhalative type and the relationships between Ag and Pb confirm this idea. As a whole it can be said that the Ahangaran deposit is a polygenetic deposit which is formed in four stages: hypogene epigenetic, hypogene syngenetic, supergene epigenetic and supergene syngenetic. Volume of normal saline. When nevborns became two months old, randomly from each litters, one male and one female were selected. A T-complex maze was used first to test learning abilities by counting their errors and also measuring the time of . reaching the goal. To test the effects of Olibanum on long term memory, the examined animals were left free of any test for a period of 20 days. Then, they were tested again by the same maze. The results indicating that, in comparison with control animals, administration of Olibanum aqueous extraction specially 5% solution could significantly increase (p<0.001) the rate of learning abilities and long term memory as well.