The performance of broiler chickens is directly influenced by temperature changes and the occurrence of heat stress, whether it is cold or hot. The present study aims to assess the cooling and heating degree days in different stages of broiler chicken production in Khorasan Razavi province. To achieve this objective, daily average temperature data were collected from 13 synoptic stations during the statistical period of 1988-2018. Cooling and heating degree days were calculated for each week of production using specific thresholds, and their spatial distribution was analyzed. Furthermore, the relationship between cooling and heating degree days and geographical features was evaluated. The findings indicate a decrease in cooling degree days and an increase in heating degree days as latitude increases. The northern and western regions of the province exhibited a greater need for heating throughout all stages of broiler chicken production, whereas the eastern and southern regions had higher cooling requirements at different production stages. Overall, the northeastern, southern, and western marginal areas of the province, including Khaf, Gonabad, Kashmar, Sarakhs, and Sabzevar, exhibited the lowest cooling and heating needs during the 6-week period of broiler chicken production, making them suitable climates for this economic activity.

Heating requirements are one of the most important human issues in the fields of agriculture, tourism and energy management in the present and future. Knowing the extent of these changes can be very effective in making decision makers. The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in the requirements of the heating degree day in conditions of climate change in southern Khorasan province. For this purpose, daily data from the minimum and maximum temperature of 11 stations of the South Khorasan province were received from the Meteorological Organization of Iran during the period of 1990-2015. The latest available scenarios of the fifth report of the Climate Change Interagency Panel (AR5 2014) include RCP scenarios from the Canadian Climate Change website and, using the SDSM macroeconomic statistics software, the data for the upcoming period (2016-2046) in the study area was thrown off. Using the Matlab software capability, the monthly and annual heating requirements of the stations were calculated in the current and future period. Finally, using the Kriging interpolation method, the zoning maps for cooling requirements for the current and future period are mapped in ArcGIS software. By examining the effect of geographic features (latitude and longitude and station height) on the heating needs in the area, it was determined that the role of heights is very effective in changing the heating needs. In the cold months of the year (Azar, Dey and Bahman), the highlands (Qain, Arsak, Fath Abad, Aryan Shahr, Darmian) require higher energy levels due to the need for higher temperatures. Increasing the temperature and warming of the air in the future, especially in the months of Farvardin and Mehr in most places, requires less use of exhaustible equipment in the future.

Introduction: One of the practical indices in determining required energy for providing climatic comfort is the degree day index.The total mean deviation of daily temperature of human comfort temperature (threshold temperature) is called degree day temperature that provides many applications in estimating required energy in cooling and heating section. It is notable that various studies around the world have used different temperatures to calculate HDD and CDD considering their climatic and geographical location. In Iran, 18 degrees centigrade is used for HDD and 24 degrees centigrade for CDD calculation, while climatic and geographical diversity of Iran causes new base temperatures to be recommended for HDD and CDD calculations. The present study plans to present a proper base temperature for calculating HDD and CDD with regard to specific characteristics of each city's climate.....

Risk ranking of Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) for gas and oil wells is a key criterion in the project feasibility, pricing and for introducing a risk management strategy that aims to reduce the number of failures in the installation phase and its negative consequences. HDD is currently widely used in drilling wells in Iran, but research in the area of identification and risks ranking of these projects have not been done so far. Therefore, this research will identify and ranks the HDD risks in the field of Gachsaran as the case study, by helping literature review and drilling experts and using statistical techniques and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. The method of the network analysis process is a powerful tool in deciding uncertain topics for ranking the risks. The offered approach allows decision-makers to involve in the ranking process and use linguistic assessment in the ranking of HDD risks.

Estimation of energy needed for heating or cooling buildings during cold or warm season, is one of the most important parameters in architectural designs. This energy is a function of climatic values named heating (HDD) or cooling (CDD) degree-days .In this study, as a first step, a computational model is developed which calculates daily values of HDD and CDD based on mean monthly air temperatures, for a network of 218 stations .In the second step, the spatial distribution of HDD and CDD was analyzed by multiple regression method. Based on the equations obtained, the HDD and CDD at each point of country could be estimated. In the next step, considering some thresholds for HDD, the 7 climatic groups from H1 (Mild) to H7 (Extra cold), were identified. With similar method the regions were divided into 5 groups as function of their cooling degree-days need, from C1(mild) to c5 very warm . In addition, four humidity groups were added to the classification system. As a result the proposed classification, was defined by general formula of HiCjRk where i, j and k (only for costal zones) vary from 1 to 7, 1 to 5 and 1 to 4, respectively. Finally, based on criteria of classification, the climatic classification map of Iran with the 1:1000000 scales at GIS media was provided.

With the proliferation of regional climate simulation software, it is possible to simulate various scenarios such as the impact of filling a lake with water or drying of water of a lake and its impact on the climate surrounding area, in the computer virtual world. This lake, as one of the major lakes in the North West of the country, sometimes in periods of drought, is facing the threat of loss of water. This factor can be effective on climate components of the surrounding areas including HDD and CDD indices changes as components for energy supply and demand. Therefore, in this study, using the software TAPM, two scenarios of a Lake full of water (the real condition of the lake) and drying lake were done to simulate the HDD and CDD indices changes for town of Marivan, which is located in the vicinity of the lake. But before that, on the basis of actual and daily data of minimum and maximum temperatures for 1990 to 2010, the HDD and CDD was calculated for Marivan. According to the long-term observations, it was determined that there is a significant process only for the HDD and CDD index for March. These changes, respectively for the HDD and CDD indices, with statistics (R =-0. 54; t =-2. 20) and (t = 0. 38; R = 0. 41) confirm reducing the need for heating energy and increased demand for cooling energy in this month. Also, the outputs show that, in the scenario of dry lake, the HDD has increased in most cold months compared with a lake filled with water, and on the other hand, the CDD also show an increase in warm months. On the other hand, based on an annual average, the findings showed that drying lake will reduce 30-degree day calorie of energy demand for heating and increase 111 degree-days calorie of energy demand for cooling.

This paper attempts presenting one of the contemporary architectural importance known as sustainable design. The aim of this research is to study Masouleh's climatic design in the framework of people comfort in order to access sustainable development. This paper, firstly, pays attention to the explanation of climatic characteristics, geographical and Masouleh native architecture as the main bed and seeks discussing uses of building bioclimatic models of Givoni and Khalili (Heating and Cooling Degree-Days). Therefore, uses of Demartone method for determine climate zone has been discussed.The result has shown that Givoni model has 3 month of comfort in May, June and July. Hence, in June, July nothing is need to HDD, CDD and in the other 10 other months there are needs to HDD as 2420. December with 22, 409 degree-days has the least and the most need for heating, consecutively.