Changes in furin and adipoline in obesity conditions may lead to the pathogenesis of diabetes and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of high-intensity resistance training on the serum levels of furin and adipoline in prediabetic obese men. In this semi-experimental study, 30 prediabetic obese men were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group participated in the exercise for 8 weeks and three sessions each week for 60 minutes with an intensity of 80 to 85% of a maximum repetition. The levels of furin, adipoline and insulin resistance were measured before and after the test. The results of covariance analysis showed the values of furin (P=0.001), glucose (P=0.001), insulin (P=0.001), and insulin resistance index (P=0.001) in the experimental group. Compared to the control group, there was a significant decrease and a significant increase in the level of adipoline (P=0.001). The intragroup results of paired t also showed a significant decrease in furin (P=0.001, -13.5%), insulin (P=0.001, -17.5%), glucose (P=0.001, -19.1) percent), insulin resistance (P=0.001, -40.8 percent) and a significant increase in adipoline (P= 0.003, 1.4 percent), in response to the exercise protocol. It seems that the levels of adipoline and furin are affected by indicators related to diabetes and body composition. On the other hand, probably high intensity in resistance training can be considered as an effective factor in improving inflammatory indicators.

Introduction: The expression of chemerin and Vaspin bioactive molecules is done through the communication between adipose tissue and other biological systems of the body, which play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of HIRT training on the serum levels of Chemerin, and Vaspin, and factors effective in the pathogenesis of diabetes in obese and overweight pre-diabetic men. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 30 pre-diabetic obese men (30 to 45 years old) were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group participated in the HIRT program with an intensity of 80-85% of 1 repetition maximum for 8 weeks and three sessions each week for 60 minutes. The serum levels of Chemerin, Vaspin, and diabetes factors were measured on two occasions pre-test and post-test. Results: The results of covariance analysis showed that the values of Chemerin (P=0.001), Vaspin (P=0.001), insulin (P=0.001), glucose (P=0.001), and insulin resistance (P=0.001), were significantly reduced in the experimental group compared to the control group. The intra-group results of paired t-test also showed a significant decrease in Chemerin (P=0.001, -0.90 percent), Vaspin (P=0.003, -16.6 percent), insulin (P=0.001, -17.5 percent), glucose (P=0.001, -19.1%), and insulin resistance (P=0.001, -40.8%) in response to the training protocol (P<0.05). Conclusion: In general, HIRT training can have a beneficial effect on Chemerin, Vaspin, and some factors affecting diabetes and body composition in pre-diabetic obese men.

Background & Aim: Obesity is a metabolic disorder that can be controlled and prevented by increasing calorie consumption and reducing calorie intake from food. This study aimed to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) on lipid profile and body composition in overweight and obese men. Methods: 30 overweight or obese men volunteers were equally randomized into three groups of HIIT (2. 5-4 minutes of activity with 85-95% of maximum heart rate and 2. 5-4 minutes of light walking), HIRT (3-6 sets with an intensity of 80-85% of 1RM, 6-8 repetitions and 30-60 seconds rest between each movement and 120 seconds rest between each set), and control. The training program lasted for 8 weeks (three sessions per week). Before and after the last training session, blood samples were taken from all subjects in a fasting state to measure serum levels of the lipid profile. Subjects were also measured for physiological variables (body fat percentage, muscle strength and body mass index (BMI) and aerobic power). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures at the significance level of P <0. 05. Results: Weight, body fat percentage, TG and LDL serum levels were decreased significantly in HIIT and HIRT groups compared to the control group, and HDL levels and lower body muscle strength increased significantly. However, upper body muscle strength increased significantly only in HIRT group compared to the control group. The aerobic power and BMI indicators did not differ significantly between the three groups. Conclusion: It seems that HIIT and HIRT can be used as an effective protocol in improving lipid profile, body composition and physical fitness in overweight and obese men. However, the effect of HIRT protocol is more potent than HIIT.

Background and Aim: Resistance training (RT) plays a major role in developing muscle mass and strength. This study aimed to compare the effect of eight weeks of modified German volume resistance training (MGVRT), high-intensity resistance training (HIRT), and non-linear resistance training (NLRT) on the serum levels of myostatin (Mstn), follistatin (FLS), nuclear factor kappa B (N F-κB), and muscle mass and strength in male athletes. Materials and Methods: Forty young men bodybuilders were randomly assigned into equal groups, including MGVRT, HIRT, NLRT, and control. Training protocols were performed for eight weeks (three times a week). Selected biochemical variables, muscle mass, and strength were measured before and 48 hours after the last training session. For statistical analyses the analysis of covariance, repeated-measures analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U test‏s were and significance level was set as p≤0.05. Results: The Mstn and FLS protein levels significantly decreased and increased, respectively in all three experimental groups compared with the control group. Moreover, the NF-κB level was significantly lower in the MGVRT and HIRT groups than NLRT and control groups. Furthermore, the arm and thigh circumference and muscular strength in the chest press and squat movements significantly increased in all three experimental groups as compared with the control group where the increase in arm circumference in the MGVRT group was significantly higher than in the HIRT and NLRT groups and as the same the muscular strength in the HIRT group was significantly higher than in the MGVRT and NLRT groups. Conclusion: All three RT protocols lead to improve biochemical, anthropometric, and functional indices in male athletes, but the MGVRT and HIRT protocols led to more increase in muscular hypertrophy and maximum strength, respectively. However, further studies are needed on the relationship between RT protocols with muscle mass and strength, and the biochemical parameters associated with them.

Background and objectives: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in industrialized countries. High level of plasma lipids including cholesterol and triglycerides is one of the most important risk factors of atherosclerosis. Previous studies have shown that three members of the ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G (ABCG4, ABCG5 and ABCG8) are involved in transporting sterols across membranes. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) and aerobic exercise (AE) on expression of the ABCG4, ABCG5 and ABCG8 genes in female athletes. Methods: Twenty-four female athletes from the Khorasan Province (Iran) were randomly selected and assigned into three groups: control (N=8), AE (N=8) and HIRT (N=8). The subjects in the HIRT group and the AE group performed exercise at intensity of 75-80% of 1-repetion maximum and 75-80% of maximum heart rate, respectively. Blood samples were collected at baseline and immediately after the exercise session. After isolation of lymphocytes by centrifugation and purification of mRNA, gene expression changes were investigated by Real-Time-PCR. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Tukey's test. Results: Both training protocols significantly increased the expression of ABCG4, ABCG5 and ABCG8 in the subjects (P<0. 05), and there was no significant difference in the expression of these genes between the experimental groups (P>0. 05. ) Conclusion: A single session of HIRT and AE may have beneficial effects on prevention of atherosclerosis.

Background: The menopause stage in women reduces estrogen levels and bone indicators. This study compared the effects of high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) and low-intensity resistance training (LIRT) on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), T-score, and Z-score in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.    Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted among 45 postmenopausal women, aged 50 to 60, who were randomly assigned into 3 parallel groups (n = 15 in each). The exercise program was performed by the interventional groups—the HIRT and LIRT groups—at 4 different intensities, 3 times a week for 24 weeks: 8 repetitions at 80% of 1 repetition maximum and 16 repetitions at 40% of 1 repetition maximum. The evaluated areas (BMD, BMC, T-score, and Z-score) included the lumbar spine (LS) and the femur neck (FN) using a DEXA machine. One-way analysis of covariance and Bonferroni's post hoc tests were used for data analysis.    Results:  The results indicated significant differences in BMD, BMC, T-scores, and Z-scores between the means of the LS and the FN in all groups. In addition, significant differences were revealed in the BMC of the LS, the BMD, T-scores (P < 0.001), Z-scores (P = 0.001), and in the BMC of the FN (P < 0.001), the BMD (P = 0.001), T-scores, and Z-scores (P < 0.001), respectively. In addition, the HIRT group's bone indices were considerably greater than those of the LIRT group (P < 0.00). Nonetheless, LIRT was significantly greater than that of the control group (P > 0.00).    Conclusion: According to the current findings, HIRT seems to be the most effective training program compared with LIRT for bone indicators improvement in the femur neck and the lumbar spine among postmenopausal women with osteopenia.

Background: The effectiveness of resistance training (RT) with blood flow restriction (BFR) is limited from the health perspective. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the acute inflammatory response to a single bout of RT with or without BFR. Methods: Twenty-four non-athletic male students were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 8), including: (1) high intensity (HIRT-80% of 1-RM: 3, 10 R), (2) low intensity (40% of 1-RM: 3, 30 R) with BFR (180 mmHg) (LIRT + BFR) and (3) LIRT. Results: Significant increase for IL1-,(p = 0. 001), IL-6 (P = 0. 001), TNF-, (P = 0. 002), CRP (P = 0. 007), ICAM1 (P = 0. 016), HCY (P = 0. 008) were observed. These responses in the HIRE and LIRT + BFR groups were significantly higher than in the LIRT group respectively (P , 0. 05). Conclusions: The LIRT + BFR has similar effects to HIRT and can be used in rehabilitation training. The gradual overload and proper recovery are very important due to the increase in acute inflammatory responses.

Background and Objectives: So far the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training on learning and memory has remained unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training on hippocampal corticosterone levels and passive avoidance memory in male rats.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were placed into 5 groups (n=8): high intensity interval resistance training (HIRT), high intensity interval running training (HIIT), continuous running training (CT), sham (SH) ,and control (C). Experimental groups were under training for 4 weeks and 5 days per week. Memory function was evaluated by using passive avoidance test on two separate times before and 24 hours after foot shock. 24 hours after memory test, blood samples were obtained from the subjects. Hippocampal corticosterone levels were measured by ELISA method. For data analysis, one-way ANOVA was used. Results: The results showed that memory function improved significantly in the training groups compared with the SH and C groups (p<0.05). Also memory function in the HIRT group was significantly higher than the HIIT group (p=0.023). Hippocampal corticosterone levels in the training groups was significantly lower compared with the SH and C groups (p<0.05).Conclusion: Our findings showed that high intensity interval training can improve the hippocampus-dependent memory function and also reduce hippocampal corticosterone levels. Further research can help to better understand the effects of high intensity interval exercises on brain function.

Aim: Cytokines preptin and adropin have a regulatory role in energy metabolism, but their mechanism in response to exercise in obese prediabetic subjects is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of intense circuit resistance training on serum levels of preptin and adropin in obese men with prediabetes. Method: In this semi-experimental study, 30 obese prediabetic men were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group participated in the HIRT program with an intensity of 80-85% of one maximum repetition for 8 weeks and three sessions for 60 minutes each week. Serum levels of adropin, preptin, and insulin were measured on two occasions before and after the test. Data analysis was done using independent t test and paired t test at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: The levels of preptin (P=0.002), insulin (P=0.007), glucose (P=0.001), insulin resistance (P=0.001) decreased significantly in the experimental group compared to the control group. While the level of adropin showed a significant increase (P=0.003). Paired t results showed a significant decrease in preptin (P=0.001, -0.20 percent), an increase in adropin (P=0.001, 21.5 percent), and a decrease in indicators related to diabetes insulin (P = 0.001) P, -17.5 percent), glucose (P=0.001, -19.1 percent) and insulin resistance (P=0.001, -17.5 percent) in response to the exercise protocol (P<0.05). Conclusion: Probably, HIRT exercises can have a beneficial effect on adropin, preptin and some diabetes indicators and body composition in pre-diabetic obese men.

Introduction: Physiological changes in the cardiovascular system occur gradually with age These changes cause cardiovascular disease, which is a major cause of death in the elderly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intermittent and resistance training on mitochondrial biogenesis of cardiac myocytes in elderly rats. Methods: 30-old rats 23-month weighing 437. 2 g were randomly divided into 3 groups: 10, intermittent training (IT), high intensity resistance training (HIRT) and control group (C). Were divided. High-intensity ladder resistance training (80% of MVCC), and intermittent training with 40 to 80% of maximum speed started from the first week and continued with 30 to 110% of maximum speed from the fourth week Exercises were performed for eight weeks and 5 days a week. 72 hours after the last training session, cardiac tissue isolation was performed. Statistical analysis using ANOVA test had a significance level of P ≥,0. 05. Results: Results The findings of this study showed that aging significantly reduced the expression of AMPK, PGC-1α,and TFAM in the heart tissue of elderly rats (P = 0. 000). After eight weeks of intervention, the expression of AMPK, PGC-1α, , and TFAM increased significantly in both training groups compared to the control group (P = 0. 000). Also, there was a significant difference between the training methods on the expression of AMPK, PGC1α, , TFAM (P = 0. 000). Conclusion: The results show that periodicity and resistance improve the expression of proteins associated with mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, having regular levels of intermittent and resistance training can be a good solution for favorable changes in cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly.